[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"health-studies-list:{\"conditionNormalized\":\"post-stroke-spasticity\",\"overallStatus\":[\"RECRUITING\",\"AVAILABLE\",\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\"],\"orderBy\":\"LastUpdateSubmitDate:desc\",\"size\":25,\"offset\":0}":3,"health-study-condition:post-stroke-spasticity":28},{"pageToken":4,"total":5,"offset":6,"count":5,"results":7},null,7,0,[8,47,74,102,124,151,180],{"id":9,"slug":10,"hasResults":11,"nctId":12,"briefTitle":13,"officialTitle":14,"acronym":15,"eligibilityCriteria":16,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":18,"maxAge":19,"enrollmentInfo":20,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":24,"briefSummary":26,"conditions":27,"keywords":29,"overallStatus":34,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":35,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":36,"startDateStruct":39,"completionDateStruct":41,"leadSponsor":43,"locationsCount":46},"100647269","phase-2-a-pilot-study-to-evaluate-the-efficacy-safety-and-tolerability-of-bms-986368-a-faahmagl-inhibitor-in-participants-with-post-stroke-spasticity-the-stips-study-100647269",false,"NCT07704840","A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of BMS-986368, a FAAH\u002FMAGL Inhibitor, in Participants With Post-Stroke Spasticity (The STIPS Study)","A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study Assessing the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Orally Administered BMS-986368, a FAAH\u002FMAGL Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Spasticity in Participants With Post-stroke Spasticity","STIPS","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis 4 to 18 months prior to enrollment.\n* History of post stroke spasticity for at least 2 months prior to Screening Visit.\n* Modified Ashworth Scale (mAS) score ≥2 and \\\u003C4 for affected elbow and wrist joints at Screen and Baseline Visits.\n* Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) greater than 22 at Screen and Baseline Visits\n* Willing to participate with no therapy additions during study duration.\n* Participant must be able to read, speak, and understand English usage\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\nIndividuals who are pregnant or breastfeeding.\n\n* Participants must not have any concomitant disease or disorder that has symptoms of spasticity or that may influence the participant's level of spasticity.\n* Participants must not have a history of any substance abuse disorder as defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Diagnostic Criteria for Drug and Alcohol Abuse.\n* Participants must not be currently taking a medication for spasticity that cannot be discontinued and washed out prior to randomization.\n* Participants must not have used FAAH\u002FMAGL inhibitor medication or any cannabinoid-related products (including cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) within 30 days prior to randomization.\n* Other protocol-defined Inclusion\u002FExclusion criteria apply.","ALL","18 Years","80 Years",{"count":21,"type":22},42,"ESTIMATED","INTERVENTIONAL",[25],"PHASE2","The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the drug BMS-986368 works to treat post stroke spasticity in adults who have had a stroke. BMS-986368 is a designed to increase natural compounds in the body that may help calm nerves that cause muscles to be tight or spasm. The study will also learn about the safety of drug BMS-986368",[28],"Post-Stroke Spasticity",[30,31,32,33],"Stroke","Spasticity","Neurological Disorders","Upper Limb Spasticity","RECRUITING","2026-07-27",{"date":37,"type":38},"2026-07-29","ACTUAL",{"date":40,"type":22},"2026-07",{"date":42,"type":22},"2027-08",{"name":44,"class":45},"Alberto Esquenazi","OTHER",1,{"id":48,"slug":49,"hasResults":11,"nctId":50,"briefTitle":51,"officialTitle":52,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":53,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":18,"maxAge":54,"enrollmentInfo":55,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":57,"briefSummary":59,"conditions":60,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":64,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":65,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":66,"startDateStruct":68,"completionDateStruct":70,"leadSponsor":72,"locationsCount":46},"100646228","extracorporeal-shock-wave-therapy-in-botulinum-toxin-treated-patients-with-post-stroke-ankle-plantar-flexor-spasticity-100646228","NCT07695038","Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Botulinum Toxin-Treated Patients With Post-Stroke Ankle Plantar Flexor Spasticity","Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as an Adjunct to Botulinum Toxin Injection in Patients With Post-Stroke Ankle Plantar Flexor Spasticity: A Randomized Controlled Trial","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Diagnosis of stroke according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (1989) definition.\n* Stroke diagnosis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).\n* Patients aged between 18 and 65 years.\n* Clinically stable condition after stroke.\n* Patients who have undergone routine Botulinum Toxin Type A (BoNT-A) injection to the gastrocnemius muscle.\n* Presence of ankle plantar flexor spasticity with a Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score of greater than or equal to 1 (MAS ≥ 1).\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Presence of fixed contracture at the ankle joint.\n* History of prior antispastic surgical procedures.\n* Changes in antispastic medication dosage or type within the last 6 months.\n* Active infection or malignancy at the application site.\n* Presence of a cardiac pacemaker.\n* Bleeding disorders or advanced vascular disease.\n* Pregnancy.\n* Presence of neuromuscular junction disease or motor neuron disease.\n* Known allergy or hypersensitivity to Botulinum Toxin Type A.\n* Current use of antibiotics.","65 Years",{"count":56,"type":22},32,[58],"NA","The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (rESWT) is effective in reducing ankle plantar flexor spasticity and improving walking functions in stroke patients who have already received Botulinum Toxin type A (BoNT-A) injections. The main questions it aims to answer are:\n\n* Does adding rESWT to standard physical therapy significantly lower muscle spasticity in patients who have received BoNT-A, compared to receiving physical therapy alone after the injection?\n* Does combining rESWT with BoNT-A injection improve functional walking parameters (such as gait speed, cadence, and step length) and daily life independence more than the BoNT-A and physical therapy combination alone?\n* Can rESWT induce additional structural and flexibility improvements in the BoNT-A injected gastrocnemius muscle, as measured objectively by ultrasound imaging and strain elastography?\n\nResearchers will compare a group of participants receiving both rESWT and conventional physical therapy (Group 1) to a comparison group receiving only conventional physical therapy (Group 2) to see if rESWT provides additional clinical benefits. All participants in both groups will have already undergone routine BoNT-A injections one week prior to starting the study treatments.\n\nParticipants will:\n\n* Undergo a 3-week conventional physical therapy and rehabilitation program, consisting of 2 to 3 hours of therapy per day, 5 days a week.\n* Receive 3 weekly sessions of rESWT (2000 pulses per session applied to the calf muscles) if they are randomized into the rESWT group.\n* Attend clinical evaluation visits and objective assessment sessions-including high-tech computerized gait analysis and specialized musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging-before the treatment, at the end of the 3rd week, and at a 12-week follow-up.",[30,61,28,62,63],"Post-stroke Spasticity of the Lower Limb","Spasticity of the Plantar Flexors","Spasticity, Post-Stroke","NOT_YET_RECRUITING","2026-07-04",{"date":67,"type":38},"2026-07-10",{"date":69,"type":22},"2026-07-20",{"date":71,"type":22},"2027-08-20",{"name":73,"class":45},"Pamukkale University",{"id":75,"slug":76,"hasResults":11,"nctId":77,"briefTitle":78,"officialTitle":79,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":80,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":18,"maxAge":81,"enrollmentInfo":82,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":84,"briefSummary":85,"conditions":86,"keywords":88,"overallStatus":64,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":93,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":94,"startDateStruct":96,"completionDateStruct":98,"leadSponsor":100,"locationsCount":46},"100643900","effect-of-tens-on-spasticity-100643900","NCT07669649","Effect of TENS on Spasticity","The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Spasticity: A Single-Subject Experimental Study","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age between 18 and 70 years\n* Post-stroke wrist flexor spasticity scored as Grade 2 or 3 on the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS), specifically selecting patients whose passive stretch resistance (post-catch response) can be easily overcome to ensure accurate and unconfounded electrophysiological evaluation.\n* At least 6 months post-stroke (chronic phase).\n* Provision of voluntary, written informed consent prior to study enrollment.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age \\\u003C18 or \\>70 year\n* Contraindications to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (e.g., implanted electronic devices, history of epilepsy, or localized skin lesions preventing electrode placement)\n* Concomitant wrist contracture or pain sufficient to impede clinical evaluation\n* Structural abnormalities of the elbow joint obstructing median nerve stimulation\n* Median nerve neuropathy or injury in the affected upper extremity.\n* Non-stable dosage of antispastic medications within the 2 weeks prior to baseline\n* Initiation of medications affecting nerve conduction (e.g., antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anesthetics) within the past month; patients on a stable dose for \\>1 month remain eligible\n* Botulinum toxin injection in the target spastic muscles within the preceding 3 months\n* History of neurolytic procedures targeting spasticity in the affected limb.\n* History of orthopedic or neurological surgery targeting spasticity in the affected limb\n* Cognitive impairment severe enough to compromise adherence to study protocols\n* Inability to maintain the required testing positions for the upper extremity joints (shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist)\n* Pregnancy or breastfeeding\n* Presence of active malignancy at or near the treatment area.","70 Years",{"count":83,"type":22},4,[58],"The purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is effective in reducing spasticity in adults with post-stroke spasticity. The primary research question is whether TENS can reduce the severity of spasticity. The effectiveness of TENS will be assessed by comparing spasticity-related outcomes measured before, during, and after the intervention. Participants will first undergo a one-hour baseline monitoring period, during which assessments will be conducted at 10-minute intervals. This will be followed by a 30-minute TENS intervention and a two-hour follow-up period, with assessments performed every 10 minutes. One participant will repeat this protocol once daily for three consecutive days, whereas the remaining three participants will undergo the procedure on a single occasion.",[87],"Post Stroke Spasticity",[89,90,91,92],"Post stroke spasticity","Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation","Muscle reaction angle","H reflex","2026-06-20",{"date":95,"type":38},"2026-06-25",{"date":97,"type":22},"2026-06",{"date":99,"type":22},"2027-06",{"name":101,"class":45},"Izmir Katip Celebi University",{"id":103,"slug":104,"hasResults":11,"nctId":105,"briefTitle":106,"officialTitle":107,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":108,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":18,"maxAge":81,"enrollmentInfo":109,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":110,"briefSummary":111,"conditions":112,"keywords":113,"overallStatus":64,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":116,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":117,"startDateStruct":119,"completionDateStruct":121,"leadSponsor":123,"locationsCount":46},"100637487","effect-of-nmes-on-spasticity-100637487","NCT07617311","Effect of NMES on Spasticity","The Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Spasticity: A Single-Subject Experimental Study","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age between 18 and 70 years\n* Post-stroke wrist flexor spasticity scored as Grade 2 or 3 on the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS), specifically selecting patients whose passive stretch resistance (post-catch response) can be easily overcome to ensure accurate and unconfounded electrophysiological evaluation.\n* Provision of voluntary, written informed consent prior to study enrollment.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age \\\u003C18 or \\>70 year\n* Contraindications to neuromuscular electrical stimulation (e.g., active electronic implants, history of epilepsy, or localized skin lesions preventing electrode placement)\n* Concomitant wrist contracture or pain sufficient to impede clinical evaluation\n* Structural abnormalities of the elbow joint obstructing median nerve stimulation\n* Median nerve neuropathy or injury in the ipsilateral upper extremity.\n* Non-stable dosage of antispastic medications within the 2 weeks prior to baseline\n* Initiation of medications affecting nerve conduction (e.g., antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anesthetics) within the past month; patients on a stable dose for \\>1 month remain eligible\n* Botulinum toxin infiltration in the target spastic muscles within the preceding 3 months\n* History of neurolytic procedures targeting spasticity in the affected limb.\n* History of orthopedic or neurological surgery targeting spasticity in the affected limb\n* Cognitive impairment severe enough to compromise adherence to study protocols\n* Inability to maintain the required testing positions for the upper extremity joints (shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist)\n* Pregnancy",{"count":83,"type":22},[58],"The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) works to treat spasticity in adult patients with spasticity related to stroke. The main question it aims to answer is:\n\n• Does NMES reduces the severity of spasticity? Researchers will compare NMES treatment to baseline and non-stimulation periods to see if NMES works to treat spasticity.\n\nParticipants will:\n\n• first undergo an initial assessment at 10-minute intervals for one hour, followed by 20 minutes of NMES exposure, and subsequent post-treatment assessments at 10-minute intervals for two hours. This daily procedure will be repeated over four days for one patient, and performed only once for the remaining three patients.",[28],[114,115,91,92],"Post-stroke spasticity","Neuromuscular electrical stimulation","2026-05-31",{"date":118,"type":38},"2026-06-03",{"date":120,"type":22},"2026-06-15",{"date":122,"type":22},"2028-03-16",{"name":101,"class":45},{"id":125,"slug":126,"hasResults":11,"nctId":127,"briefTitle":128,"officialTitle":129,"acronym":130,"eligibilityCriteria":131,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":18,"maxAge":54,"enrollmentInfo":132,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":134,"briefSummary":135,"conditions":136,"keywords":138,"overallStatus":64,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":143,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":144,"startDateStruct":146,"completionDateStruct":148,"leadSponsor":149,"locationsCount":4},"100633173","effect-of-extracorporeal-shock-wave-therapy-on-spasticity-and-mobility-in-stroke-patients-100633173","NCT07523243","Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Spasticity and Mobility in Stroke Patients","Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Spasticity, Mobility, Motor Function, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Stroke Survivors: A Prospective Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial","ESWT-STROKE","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Adults aged 18-65 years\n* Diagnosed with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke at least 3 months prior to enrollment Presence of lower extremity spasticity with a Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score ≥1+\n* Ability to walk independently with or without assistive devices\n* Ability to understand and follow instructions for exercise interventions and assessments\n* Provided written informed consent\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Receipt of botulinum toxin injection in the affected lower limb within the last 3 months\n* Severe cognitive impairment preventing participation in assessments\n* Presence of fixed joint contractures limiting range of motion\n* Orthopedic or musculoskeletal disorders affecting lower limb function (e.g., fracture, severe osteoarthritis)\n* Uncontrolled cardiovascular, respiratory, or systemic disease contraindicating exercise\n* Participation in another interventional clinical trial\n* Any condition judged by the investigator to interfere with participation or safety",{"count":133,"type":22},85,[58],"This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in individuals with lower limb spasticity following stroke. Spasticity is a common complication after stroke and can negatively affect walking ability, mobility, and quality of life.\n\nParticipants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. Both groups will receive a standard physiotherapy and rehabilitation program. In addition, the intervention group will receive ESWT applied to the lower limb muscles, while the control group will receive a sham (placebo) ESWT application.\n\nThe treatment program will be conducted three times per week for four weeks. Clinical assessments will be performed at baseline, after treatment, and during follow-up.\n\nThe main outcomes of the study include muscle tone (spasticity), walking performance, motor function, and quality of life. The results of this study may help improve rehabilitation strategies and provide evidence for the use of ESWT in stroke patients.",[30,28,137],"Lower Limb Spasticity",[139,140,141,142,31],"Extracorporeal Shock Wave","ESWT Stroke Rehabilitation","Mobility Fugl-Meyer","Quality of Life","2026-04-09",{"date":145,"type":38},"2026-04-14",{"date":147,"type":22},"2026-04",{"date":93,"type":22},{"name":150,"class":45},"Istanbul Medipol University Hospital",{"id":152,"slug":153,"hasResults":11,"nctId":154,"briefTitle":155,"officialTitle":156,"acronym":157,"eligibilityCriteria":158,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":18,"maxAge":19,"enrollmentInfo":159,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":161,"briefSummary":162,"conditions":163,"keywords":165,"overallStatus":64,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":171,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":172,"startDateStruct":174,"completionDateStruct":176,"leadSponsor":178,"locationsCount":46},"100632440","estim-ul-fes-for-upper-limb-recovery-after-stroke-100632440","NCT07513714","ESTIM-UL: FES for Upper Limb Recovery After Stroke","Efficacy of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) Combined With Task- Oriented Training on Upper Limb Recovery in Post-Stroke Patients With Spastic Hemiparesis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","ESTIM-UL","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age 18 years or older.\n* Diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, documented by CT or MRI.\n* Clinical presence of focal upper limb spasticity, defined as a score ≥ 1+ on the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) in at least one target muscle group (elbow, wrist, or finger flexors), treated with Botulinum Toxin Type A injection.\n* Presence of residual voluntary muscle activation (minimal active movement) sufficient to initiate the motor task required by the training (Box and Block score \\> 1).\n* Preserved cognitive function, defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥ 24 or clinical judgment confirming adequate comprehension and cooperation.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Absolute contraindications to Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), including the presence of a cardiac pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), pharmacologically uncontrolled epilepsy, or skin lesions\u002Fdermatitis at the electrode application sites.\n* Presence of severe muscle-tendon contractures or fixed joint deformities (ankylosis) that mechanically limit passive movement and make active functional recovery unlikely.\n* Severe cognitive impairment, global aphasia, or severe unilateral spatial neglect that prevents task comprehension or active participation in the training program.\n* Concomitant orthopedic or rheumatologic conditions affecting the upper limb (e.g., recent fractures, severe arthritis) that could interfere with treatment delivery or outcome assessment.",{"count":160,"type":22},40,[58],"Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability, frequently resulting in impaired upper limb motor function and spasticity. Although Botulinum Toxin Type A (BoNT-A) is effective in reducing focal spasticity, functional recovery of the upper limb often remains limited without intensive, task-specific rehabilitation. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), when synchronized with voluntary movement during Task-Oriented Training, may enhance motor recovery by facilitating muscle activation and neuroplasticity. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate whether FES combined with Task-Oriented Training is superior to conventional Task-Oriented Training alone in improving upper limb function in post-stroke patients treated with BoNT-A.",[30,28,164],"Post-Stroke Hemiparesis",[166,167,168,169,170],"functional electrical stimulation","Botulinum Toxin Type A","stroke","motor recovery","upper limb","2026-03-30",{"date":173,"type":38},"2026-04-07",{"date":175,"type":22},"2026-05-01",{"date":177,"type":22},"2026-12-01",{"name":179,"class":45},"University of Foggia",{"id":181,"slug":182,"hasResults":11,"nctId":183,"briefTitle":184,"officialTitle":184,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":185,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":18,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":186,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":188,"briefSummary":189,"conditions":190,"keywords":192,"overallStatus":34,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":199,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":200,"startDateStruct":202,"completionDateStruct":204,"leadSponsor":206,"locationsCount":46},"100607556","deep-anterior-cerebellar-stimulation-in-treatment-of-poststroke-spasticity-and-motor-function-impairment-100607556","NCT07190092","Deep Anterior Cerebellar Stimulation in Treatment of Poststroke Spasticity and Motor Function Impairment.","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* One time stroke that occurred 9-36 months ago\n* Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke\n* Spastic paresis of at least one limb\n* At least 3 months of poststroke rehabilitation in the past\n* No improvement of spasticity\u002Fmotor function for at least 3 months\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Seizures after the stroke\n* Depression\n* Severe sensory deficits\n* Anosognosia\n* Moderate to severe hemispatial neglect\n* Others contraindications for the DBS procedure, e.g. coagulopathy, decompensated chronic disease, etc.\n* Contraindication for MRI\n* No poststroke rehabilitation",{"count":187,"type":22},12,[58],"The aim of this clinical trial is to determine whether deep brain stimulation (DBS) interventions improve rehabilitation and functional recovery in patients with post-stroke spasticity who meet the other inclusion criteria listed below.\n\nPrimary question(s) to be answered:\n\nIs DBS stimulation effective in treating post-stroke spasticity? What stimulation frequency is most effective in treating post-stroke spasticity?\n\nStudy participants will:\n\n* Undergo surgery to implant a DBS electrode targeting the DRTt (dentate-rubro-thalamic tract ) in close proximity of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum ipsilateral to the spastic side of the body.\n* Each patient will then receive an initial stimulation frequency of 130 Hz (arm 1) and will be assigned to a 4- to 6-week rehabilitation program. After this period, the participant will return for a follow-up visit for a clinical evaluation.\n* The frequency will then be changed to 70Hz (arm 2). Patients who have undergone this change will also undergo a rehabilitation period of 4 to 6 weeks. After this period, they will return to the Clinic for a follow-up evaluation.\n* The frequency will then be changed to 30Hz (arm 3). Patients who have undergone this change will also undergo a rehabilitation period of 4 to 6 weeks.\n\nResearchers will compare the results obtained from patients in each arm to determine the clinical effects of stimulation and whether they are dependent on the stimulation frequency.",[87,191],"Dystonia",[193,194,195,196,197,198],"dentate nucleus","DRTt","dentate-rubro-thalamic tract","deep brain stimulation","post-stroke spasticity","rehabilitation","2025-09-23",{"date":201,"type":38},"2025-09-24",{"date":203,"type":38},"2024-09-01",{"date":205,"type":22},"2028-12-30",{"name":207,"class":45},"Jan Biziel University Hospital No 2 in Bydgoszcz"]