Frailty is a common clinical syndrome that is becoming increasingly important as populations age worldwide. Individuals who are frail are at a higher risk for negative outcomes, such as falls, disability, hospitalizations, and even death. The understanding of frailty has evolved from a straightforward concept to a complex model that includes physical, psychological, cognitive, and social factors. Since frailty is not static and can change over time, early interventions can be beneficial. Nevertheless, research in this area has been challenging due to a lack of agreement on what frailty encompasses and an inadequate understanding of how its different components interact. Defining frailty as a multidimensional issue is essential to recognize the adverse effects that can arise from medical, psychological, and social influences. However, recent studies have not sufficiently addressed how these different aspects work together or developed effective multidimensional interventions.
Age 60 to 80
Willing and capable to participate in this study and training
Willing and capable to give informed consent to participate in this study
Preliminarily classified as physically prefrail/robust, in that they possess no more than three of the indicators on the Fried Frailty Index (FFI; unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, slow walking speed, weak grip strength; Bieniek et al., 2016)
History of systematic cardiovascular diseases causing stroke, Parkinson's disease, early stages of Alzheimer's disease, or cognitive impairment
Physical injuries or other conditions that would hinder regular attendance and participation in the assessments for the study
Concurrent major psychiatric disorder (e.g. major depressive disorder, schizophrenia) or drug and alcohol abuse
Unable to handle digital devices
Factorial
Exercise
BehavioralInvolves participants engaging in physical training group sessions in light-to-moderate intensity.
Psychosocial
BehavioralInvolves participants engaging in selected board and card games which require cognitive and socialization skills to play in a group setting of 2-4 people.
Nutritional
BehavioralInvolves participants attending dietary classes taught by a certified dietitian, including individualized consultation.
Frailty Status (pre-test)
The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI), with three subdomains (physical, psychological, and social), will be used in three evaluation time frames, respectively. The total TFI score ranges from 0 to 15, with a score of 5 (or above) indicating frailty.
Frailty Status (2nd test)
The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI), with three subdomains (physical, psychological, and social), will be used in three evaluation time frames, respectively. The total TFI score ranges from 0 to 15, with a score of 5 (or above) indicating frailty.
Frailty Status (3rd test)
The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI), with three subdomains (physical, psychological, and social), will be used in three evaluation time frames, respectively. The total TFI score ranges from 0 to 15, with a score of 5 (or above) indicating frailty.
Physical Functioning-- Anthropometic Data (pre-test)
Anthropometric data (e.g. BMI in kg/m\^2) will be evaluated in 3 time frames, respectively.
Physical Activity Behavioural Changes (pre-test)
Scales of physical activity behavioural change, intention/motivation, loneliness, subjective physical health, and health status will be measured using a survey that was used in a previous project (Chow et al., 2022), in three time frames.
Physical Activity Behavioural Changes (2nd test)
Scales of physical activity behavioural change, intention/motivation, loneliness, subjective physical health, and health status will be measured using a survey that was used in a previous project (Chow et al., 2022), in three time frames.
Physical Activity Behavioural Changes (3rd test)
Scales of physical activity behavioural change, intention/motivation, loneliness, subjective physical health, and health status will be measured using a survey that was used in a previous project (Chow et al., 2022), in three time frames.
Exercise Self-efficacy (pre-test)
Assessed using the validated Chinese scales of the Physical Exercise Self-efficacy Scale (PESES), a 5-item instrument with a 4-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 5 to 20. Higher scores shows higher routine physical exercise self-efficacy.
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Hong Kong Baptist University
Lead sponsor
Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts
Collaborator
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Collaborator
Tung Wah College
Collaborator
Research Grants Council, Hong Kong
Collaborator
Constructor University
Collaborator
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