Opioids are responsible for the greatest drug-related global health burden. Prevention and treatment programs for people with opioid use disorder are widely implemented, but further actions are required to reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by opioid use and dependence. We suggest a novel and unique approach with a volunteer first responder system for suspected opioid overdoses, integrated with national emergency call services. The idea derives from the success of volunteer first responder systems for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Several reports exist globally with results of increased survival rates, less complications and a beneficial time-gain to start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation before emergency services (like ambulance and fire fighters) arrival.
Our model aims to investigate feasibility, acceptability and safety of a smartphone-based volunteer first responder system for suspected opioid overdoses. The volunteer responders will be equipped with an emergency kit including two doses of the opioid antidote naloxone, which can reverse life-threatening respiratory arrest caused by intoxication of opioids. The responders will, prior to registration, accomplish an in-depth overdose and naloxone education, as well as a first aid course aligned with current European and Swedish resuscitation guidelines. The results will be collected through questionnaires to the responder participants, technical data from the responder application, and dispatcher, pre-medical/paramedical and hospital records among others. Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be used. The major question is if the model is feasible in alerting lay persons with naloxone to suspected overdose situations and successfully administer naloxone prior to emergency service arrival. Furthermore, experiences of safety during alerts among volunteer first responders and overdose victims will also be studied.
Our model is unique in its integration with emergency medical dispatch service along with overdose and first aid education prior to participant registration. The respiratory arrest of opioids is an acute life-threatening condition, which - in similarity to cardiac arrests - need emergent actions for survival. A reduced time to naloxone administration through volunteer first responders prior to ambulance arrival could save lives.
Give informed written consent to participate in the study
Successfully complete an opioid overdose and naloxone course in addition to a first aid course, following current first aid guidelines from the Swedish Resuscitation Council and the European Resuscitation Council.
Download and register oneself as a user on the project-specific volunteer first responder app on a smartphone
Purchase naloxone from a pharmacy and receive reimbursement for the full cost of the purchase upon submission of the pharmacy receipt
Victim being ≥15 years old
Any naloxone-responder being up to 10.000 meters from the situation, in Skåne
Any trauma behind the condition
Dispatcher impression of the scene to be unsafe for lay persons
Single group
Naloxone-responder: A volunteer first responder system connected to emergency dispatch service and alerting overdose and first aid educated volunteers with naloxone to suspected opioid overdoses
Other interventionThe model is a smartphone-based alert system with an app which is connected to dispatcher centers. Volunteer first responders will be alerted in addition to standard emergency medical service (like ambulance) to suspected opioid overdoses and also cardiac arrests. The aim is to see if volunteers equipped with naloxone and with up-do-date knowledge of overdose treatment and first aid can arrive and reverse the condition safely prior to emergency service arrival.
Number of successful naloxone-responder alerts to true opioid overdoses
Emergency calls with dispatchers' activation of alerts to naloxone-responders who manage to administer naloxone in situations of true opioid overdoses prior to EMS arrival
Positioning of and acceptability of alerts among naloxone-responders equipped with naloxone in relation to overdose locations
Distance between naloxone-responders and emergency scenes when receiving alerts and the frequency of accepting or rejecting the notification among responders with versus without their naloxone-kit on hand
Clinical outcome of overdose victims before versus after the trial
Mental and clinical status, morbidity and survival rates from questionaires and medical records during the trial, compared to historic control period.
Safety and acceptability as experienced by naloxone-responders and overdose victims
Experience of being at the scene from two different perspectives, with views collected through questionaires post-alerts and qualitative interviews post-trial.
Mortality rates before versus after the trial
Current regional statistics post-trial and pre-trial.
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Region Skane
Lead sponsor
SOS Alarm Sverige AB
Collaborator
Lund University
Collaborator
Karolinska Institutet
Collaborator
