The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the preliminary effectiveness and acceptability of a self-instructional, web-based teacher training program designed to support the development of autistic children and children with developmental delays.
This study aims to examine whether participation in the program can improve teachers' knowledge, attitudes, and teaching self-efficacy related to inclusive education and support for autistic children and children with developmental delays.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
1. Does participation in the self-instructional program improve teachers' knowledge about autism and developmental delays? 2. Does the program improve teachers' attitudes toward inclusive education and their teaching self-efficacy? Researchers will compare teachers who participate in the self-instructional online intervention program (SEED program) with teachers who receive comparison educational materials (Kit for Kids from Organization for Autism Research) to determine whether the intervention leads to greater improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and teaching self-efficacy.
Participants will:
1. Complete an online pre-intervention survey assessing background information, knowledge, attitudes toward inclusion and neurodiversity, and teaching self-efficacy. 2. Participate in a two-week self-instructional online program or receive comparison materials, depending on group assignment 3. Complete an online post-intervention survey evaluating the same outcomes, as well as program satisfaction and acceptability.
Public school teachers currently employed in kindergarten or elementary schools who hold at least a Level 2 teaching certificate (or higher).
Teachers who understand the purpose of the study and provide informed consent to participate.
Teachers who have majored in special education at the undergraduate or graduate level.
Parallel
SEED Online Self-Instructional Program
BehavioralThe SEED Online Self-Instructional Program is a web-based teacher training intervention designed to support the development of autistic children and children with developmental delays. The program consists of self-paced online modules covering child development, classroom management, and instructional strategies for inclusive education. Content is delivered through short instructional videos and web-based learning materials, and participants complete the program independently over a two-week period.
Comparison Educational Materials (Kit for Kids)
BehavioralThe comparison educational materials (Kit for Kids) consists of alternative instructional resources related to supporting autistic children and children with developmental delays. Participants assigned to this intervention review the provided materials during the study period as a comparison condition. These materials do not include the structured self-instructional online modules provided in the experimental intervention.
(Knowledge) Autism Knowledge Questionnaire-2 (ASK-Q-2) Total Score
The Autism Spectrum Knowledge Questionnaire (ASK-Q) is a 37-item questionnaire designed to assess knowledge and understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Each item is rated as "Agree" or "Disagree". Items are scored dichotomously (1 = correct response, 0 = incorrect response). Total scores are calculated by summing correct responses across all 37 items. Total scores range from 0 (lowest knowledge) to 37 (highest knowledge), with higher scores reflecting greater knowledge of autism spectrum disorder.
(Knowledge) Participatory Autism Knowledge Measure (PAK-M) Total Score
The Participatory Autism Knowledge Measure (PAK-M) is a 56-item questionnaire designed to measure autism knowledge, neurodiversity-oriented beliefs, and perspectives informed by the lived experiences of autistic individuals. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating "Strongly disagree" and 7 indicating "Strongly agree". After reverse-scoring negatively worded items, total scores are calculated by summing responses across all 56 items. Total scores range from 56 to 392, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge and more accurate understanding of autism and neurodiversity.
(Knowledge) Survey for Educators' Empowerment for Diversity (SEED) Total Score
The Survey for Educators' Empowerment for Diversity (SEED) is a 68-item instrument developed by the research team to measure changes in knowledge related to autism and developmental delay following participation in the program. The instrument is organized around 13 core topics addressed in the program, with 5 to 7 items per topic, yielding a total of 68 items. Each item uses a dichotomous true-or-false response format. Responses are scored as 1 for correct answers and 0 for incorrect answers. Total scores are calculated by summing correct responses across all items. Total scores range from 0 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge and understanding of autism and developmental delay.
(Attitude) Teacher Attitudes Toward Inclusion Scale (TATIS) Total Score
The Teacher Attitudes Toward Inclusion Scale (TATIS) is a 14-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess teachers' overall attitudes toward inclusive education. The scale evaluates beliefs about the inclusion of students with disabilities, perceived effectiveness of inclusive practices, and teachers' personal willingness and commitment to implementing inclusive classroom practices. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating "Strongly disagree" and 7 indicating "Strongly agree". After reverse-scoring negatively worded items, total scores are calculated by summing responses across all 14 items. Total scores range from 14 to 98, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward inclusive education and stronger support for the inclusion of students with disabilities in general education classrooms.
SEED Program Acceptability and Feasibility Questionnaire Total Score
The SEED Program Acceptability and Feasibility Questionnaire is a 20-item self-report instrument developed by the research team to assess participants' satisfaction with the program, perceived appropriateness of program content, feasibility, implementation capacity, and perceived efficiency of the online intervention. The questionnaire consists of two sections: (1) a 10-item scale assessing satisfaction and content appropriateness, and (2) a 10-item scale assessing feasibility, including perceived practicality, difficulty level, ability to implement intervention strategies, efficiency, pacing, and overall quality. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating "Strongly disagree" and 5 indicating "Strongly agree". Total scores are calculated by summing responses across all 20 items. Total scores range from 20 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater acceptability, feasibility, and overall perceived quality of the SEED online intervention program. Two additional o
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Boin Choi
Lead sponsor
Ewha Womans University
Sponsor institution
