This project aims to study the effects of different protein quality (i.e. high vs. low) and protein sources (i.e. plant protein vs. conventional animal protein) on post-meal satiety and satisfaction. The protein quality score of meals will be calculated using the published digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). The proposed study will investigate the link between protein quality, protein source, and the post-meal satiety responses, using a realistic lunch meal approach, in humans. Other than the self-reported visual analogue scale (VAS) satiety response, the postprandial glucose dips (i.e. 2-3hours post-meal) will be collected by continuous glucose monitoring (CGMS) as an objective indicator of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake. In addition, the oral processing behaviours of participants will be captured and compared between the test meals.
Healthy male
Aged between 21 and 50-year-old
Are of normal weight (BMI 18-25kg/m2)
Stable weight for the previous 12 months (<5kg weight fluctuation in the previous year)
Are a smoker
Have any dislikes, intolerances or allergies to foods or common food ingredients e.g. nuts, soya, wheat, gluten, cereal, fruits, biscuits, dairy products, rice, vegetable, meat, seafood, sugar and sweetener, gelatin, natural food colourings or flavourings (e.g. MSG), etc.
Have any specific dietary requirements and/ or restrictions (e.g. Vegan/ vegetarian, religious beliefs, lactose intolerance, calorie restricted diet etc.)
Known sensitivity to medical-grade adhesives
Crossover
Behavioral: Post- meal satiety and subsequent ad-libitum meal energy intake
Other interventionInvestigate differences in post meal satiety and subsequent post meal energy intake after consuming fixed portion meals with different protein source and/ or different protein quality
Post-Prandial Sensor Glucose Readings
A continuous monitoring glucose sensor will be used to measure participants sensor glucose readings. The post-prandial sensor glucose readings 2-3h post meal will be used as an objective indicator of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake.
Oral processing behaviour
Participants will be video recorded during the lunch sessions to measure oral processing behavior (e.g., derived from number of bites, chews, swallows and eating duration) of the fixed portion test meals using an annotation software
Change in Post breakfast satiety responses
Participants will be asked rate their appetite sensations using a visual analogue scale (VAS) pre- and post meals. VAS is anchored at: Not at all (0) to Extremely (100), where a higher score will indicate greater intensity.
Ad-libitum snack intake
Participants will be asked to eat an ad-libitum amount of snack 2h post lunch. The amount of food consumed will be weighed.
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