This study aimed to develop and validate an innovative proprioceptive assessment instrument for the upper extremities, the PropArm-PosiMoF (PropArm). This observational study was conducted in three stages. The first stage focused on the development and validation of PropArm, including test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and convergent validity. The second stage established age norms and cut-off points in healthy adults. In the final stage, PropArm was applied to patients with proprioceptive impairments (stroke, shoulder impingement syndrome, and diabetes mellitus patients) to examine its diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability.
(1) Age between 20 and 29 years,
(2) Right-hand dominance, and
(3) Ability to understand three consecutive verbal instructions.
(1) Currently a student or faculty member of the Department of Occupational Therapy at National Cheng Kung University, or a staff member of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng Kung University Hospital,
(2) History of surgery on the right upper limb,
(3) Presence of neuromusculoskeletal disorders that may affect sensory or motor function of the right upper limb, such as stroke or shoulder impingement syndrome, and
(4) Uncorrected hearing problems, such as hearing loss.
The study population includes healthy young adults (20-29 yr), healthy adults (30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 yr), healthy older adults (60-69, 70-79, and 80-89 yr) across different age groups, and patients with stroke, shoulder impingement syndrome, or diabetes mellitus. Participants are right-hand dominant and able to follow verbal instructions without cognitive impairments.
Cohort
Cross-sectional
Not listed
6
Trial groupsSee each trial group below.
PropArm-PosiMoF (PropArm) - Healthy Young Adult Group - Baseline, within 2 weeks after Baseline
The instrument is designed to measure proprioception by recording position and force data. In the first stage, PropArm was conducted twice to examine the test-retest reliability of healthy young adults. In other stages, PropArm were collected once.
PropArm-PosiMoF (PropArm) - Healthy Adult Group - Baseline
The instrument is designed to measure proprioception by recording position and force data. In the first stage, PropArm was conducted twice to examine the test-retest reliability of healthy young adults. In other stages, PropArm were collected once.
PropArm-PosiMoF (PropArm) - Stroke Group - Baseline
The instrument is designed to measure proprioception by recording position and force data. In the first stage, PropArm was conducted twice to examine the test-retest reliability of healthy young adults. In other stages, PropArm were collected once.
PropArm-PosiMoF (PropArm) - Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Group - Baseline
The instrument is designed to measure proprioception by recording position and force data. In the first stage, PropArm was conducted twice to examine the test-retest reliability of healthy young adults. In other stages, PropArm were collected once.
Color Trails Test-Chinese Version (CTT-C) - Healthy Adult Group those who over 60 years-old - Baseline
The CTT-C is a screening test used to exclude potential mild cognitive impairment patients.
Color Trails Test-Chinese Version (CTT-C) - Stroke Group those who over 60 years-old - Baseline
The CTT-C is a screening test used to exclude potential mild cognitive impairment patients.
Color Trails Test-Chinese Version (CTT-C) - Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Group those who over 60 years-old - Baseline
The CTT-C is a screening test used to exclude potential mild cognitive impairment patients.
Color Trails Test-Chinese Version (CTT-C) -Diabetes Mellitus Group those who over 60 years-old - Baseline
The CTT-C is a screening test used to exclude potential mild cognitive impairment patients.
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