This study aimed to develop and validate an innovative proprioceptive assessment instrument for the upper extremities, the PropArm-PosiMoF (PropArm). This observational study was conducted in three stages. The first stage focused on the development and validation of PropArm, including test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and convergent validity. The second stage established age norms and cut-off points in healthy adults. In the final stage, PropArm was applied to patients with proprioceptive impairments (stroke, shoulder impingement syndrome, and diabetes mellitus patients) to examine its diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability.
(1) Age between 20 and 29 years,
(2) Right-hand dominance, and
(3) Ability to understand three consecutive verbal instructions.
(1) Currently a student or faculty member of the Department of Occupational Therapy at National Cheng Kung University, or a staff member of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng Kung University Hospital,
(2) History of surgery on the right upper limb,
(3) Presence of neuromusculoskeletal disorders that may affect sensory or motor function of the right upper limb, such as stroke or shoulder impingement syndrome, and
(4) Uncorrected hearing problems, such as hearing loss.
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Trial groupsSee each trial group below.