This randomized clinical trial study compares high-load eccentric training (HL-Et), sham LL-BFRt, and low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFRt) in sportsmen. The primary inquiries it seeks to address are:
Is LL-BFR superior to HL-Et and sham LL-BFRt in terms of improving muscle morphology? Is LL-BFR a more effective Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome and ACL injury preventive than HL-Et and sham LL-BFRt?
The three intervention groups that will be randomly assigned to participants are LL-BFRt, sham LL-BFRt, and HL-Et. Participants are expected to carry out:
Participants in LL-BFRt will be required to perform LL eccentric training at 30% of their repetition maximum (RM) and 70% of their artery occlusion pressure (AOP). This training will include stairs, single leg squat, and single leg deadlift.
Participants in HL-Et will be required to perform LL eccentric training at 70% of their maximum number of repetitions (RM).
In order to determine whether muscular morphology and the prevention of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome and ACL injury improve following the interventions and follow-up, researchers will compare LL-BFRt, sham LL-BFRt, and HL-Et.
Being between the ages of 15 and 35
Play level 1 sports (fight martial arts, basketball, futsal, and soccer) at least twice a week
Never experienced an Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome or ACL injury before
Never experienced a grade III sprain or strain
Having a tumor, cancer, vena thromboembolic disease, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, anemia, and renal failure
Disabilities or those who are disabled.
Parallel
Low load-BFRt
Procedure/SurgeryThe participants' two legs will be subjected to 70% arterial occlusion pressure when the physical therapist applies the BFR cuffs. After that, participants will be required to complete eccentric exercises with a maximum repetition count of 30%, such as stairs, single leg squat, and single leg deadlift.
Sham Low load-BFRt
Procedure/SurgeryThe participants' two legs will be subjected to 10% arterial occlusion pressure when the physical therapist applies the BFR cuffs. After that, participants will be required to complete eccentric exercises with a maximum repetition count of 30%, such as stairs, single leg squat, and single leg deadlift.
High load-Eccentric training
Procedure/SurgeryThe physical therapist will instruct the participants to complete eccentric exercises at a maximum of 70% repetitions, such as stairs, single leg squat, and single leg deadlift.
Muscle cross-sectional area
Using a musculoskeletal ultrasonography, researchers will determine the cross-sectional area of vastus medial obliques muscle and peroneus longus muscle.
Vastus medial obliques fiber angle
Using a musculoskeletal ultrasonography, researchers will determine the vastus medial obliques fiber angle.
Patella position
Using a musculoskeletal ultrasonography, researchers will determine the patella position.
Incidence of patellofemoral pain syndrome
Researchers will determine the incidence of patellofemoral pain syndrome with the physical examination of grind test.
Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury
Researchers will determine the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury with the physical examination of Lachman's test.
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