Biofeedback-Assisted Short Foot Exercises in Flexible Flatfoot

The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM)

The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) is a validated, self-reported questionnaire designed to assess functional limitations associated with foot and ankle conditions. It consists of two subscales: Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Sports. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (unable to perform) to 4 (no difficulty). The total score for each subscale is converted to a percentage, with higher scores indicating better functional ability. The FAAM has been shown to be reliable, valid, and responsive to clinical change in individuals with musculoskeletal impairments of the foot and ankle.

The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM)

The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) is a validated, self-reported questionnaire used to assess functional limitations associated with foot and ankle conditions. It consists of two subscales: Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Sports. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (unable to perform) to 4 (no difficulty). Total scores for each subscale are converted to percentage scores, with higher values indicating better functional performance. The FAAM has demonstrated good reliability, validity, and responsiveness to clinical change in individuals with musculoskeletal impairments of the foot and ankle.

Pedobarographic Analysis

Pedobarographic analysis is an objective method used to assess plantar pressure distribution and contact area during static standing or walking. Measurements are obtained using a computerized pressure platform that records static and dynamic foot loading patterns in real time. During the assessment, participants stand or walk barefoot on the pedobarographic platform. The system measures the magnitude and distribution of plantar pressures and contact area across different regions of the foot, including the heel, midfoot, and forefoot. This analysis provides quantitative data on load symmetry, pressure distribution, and medial-lateral balance, which are key indicators of foot biomechanics and medial longitudinal arch function.

Pedobarographic Analys

Pedobarographic analysis is an objective method used to assess plantar pressure distribution and contact area during static standing and walking. Measurements are obtained using a computerized pressure platform that records static and dynamic foot-loading patterns in real time. During the assessment, participants stand or walk barefoot on the pedobarographic platform. The system measures the magnitude and distribution of plantar pressures and contact area across different regions of the foot, including the heel, midfoot, and forefoot. This analysis provides quantitative data on load symmetry, pressure concentration, and medial-lateral balance, which are important indicators of foot biomechanics and medial longitudinal arch function.

Active Range of Motion

Active ankle range of motion, including plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, will be measured according to the guidelines described by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) using a digital goniometer.

Active Range of Motion

Active ankle range of motion, including plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, will be measured in accordance with the guidelines of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) using a digital goniometer.

FPI-6 (Foot Posture Index-6)

The Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) is a clinical assessment tool used to evaluate static foot posture. It consists of six observational criteria: talar head palpation, curvature above and below the lateral malleolus, calcaneal position in the frontal plane, prominence of the talonavicular joint, height and congruence of the medial longitudinal arch, and forefoot abduction/adduction. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale ranging from -2 (indicating supination) to +2 (indicating pronation), resulting in a total score ranging from -12 to +12. Lower scores indicate a more supinated foot posture, whereas higher scores indicate a more pronated foot posture. A score close to zero represents a neutral foot alignment. Interpretation of Scores * 12 to -5: Highly supinated * 4 to -1: Slightly supinated 0 to +5: Neutral * 6 to +9: Pronated * 10 to +12: Highly pronated

Navicular Drop Test

The Navicular Drop Test is a clinical assessment used to evaluate the degree of medial longitudinal arch collapse by measuring the difference between non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing positions of the foot. During the test, the vertical height of the navicular tuberosity from the floor is measured in both a seated (non-weight-bearing) and a standing (weight-bearing) position using a ruler or digital caliper. The difference between these two measurements, expressed in millimeters (mm), represents the navicular drop value. A greater navicular drop value indicates increased pronation and lowering of the medial longitudinal arch, whereas smaller values suggest a more neutral or supinated foot posture. Outcome Metric Difference in navicular height (mm) between seated and standing positions Interpretation of Results \< 5 mm: Minimal or no arch drop (supinated tendency) 5-9 mm: Normal range ≥ 10 mm: Excessive pronation / flatfoot tendency