Nocturnal enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting, is a frequent condition that affects many children and can have a significant impact on their self-esteem, social life, and family stress. The causes of bedwetting can vary widely, ranging from deep sleep patterns and excess nighttime urine production to underlying medical conditions like constipation, urinary tract infections, or enlarged tonsils and adenoids (which can affect breathing during sleep).The main goal of this descriptive study is to understand the different types and the underlying causes of bedwetting among children attending the pediatric outpatient clinics at Assiut University Children's Hospital. By identifying these specific causes in the local population, healthcare providers can offer better, more targeted treatments and help reduce the stigma surrounding this condition.
During a single clinic visit, researchers will collect information through a structured interview with the parents and the child. The study involves a routine physical examination, including checking weight, height, and looking for physical signs of constipation or enlarged tonsils. Participants will also undergo standard tests to help pinpoint any medical causes, such as a urine test (urinalysis and culture), a basic ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis, and potentially plain X-rays if issues like severe constipation or airway blockages are suspected.
The study aims to include at least 80 male and female children aged 5 years and older who have been experiencing bedwetting at least twice a week for three months or more.
Male and female children aged above 5 years.
Presenting with nocturnal enuresis, defined as involuntary voiding during sleep for ≥2 nights/week for ≥3 months.
Parents or caregivers providing informed consent, including child assent where applicable.
Children with known neurological disorders, such as epilepsy or cerebral palsy.
Presence of an acute urinary tract infection (indicated by a positive urine culture requiring treatment).
Children diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.
Structural anomalies of the urinary system requiring immediate surgery, such as severe hypospadias.
The study population consists of male and female children aged 5 years and older who present with nocturnal enuresis at the pediatric outpatient clinics of Assiut University Children's Hospital in Assiut, Egypt. For the purpose of this study, nocturnal enuresis is defined as involuntary voiding during sleep occurring at least twice a week for a duration of at least three months. The target population includes patients presenting with both primary and secondary enuresis, as well as mono-symptomatic and poly-symptomatic forms. Children with known neurological disorders (such as epilepsy or cerebral palsy), diabetes mellitus, acute urinary tract infections requiring immediate treatment, or structural anomalies of the urinary system requiring immediate surgery are excluded from this population.
Other
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Percentage of Participants with Identified Medical Causes for Nocturnal Enuresis
The proportion of enrolled children diagnosed with underlying medical conditions contributing to nocturnal enuresis. This is determined through structured clinical history, physical examinations, and diagnostic investigations. Specific underlying factors evaluated include constipation (assessed using the Bristol Stool Scale and Rome IV criteria) , urinary tract infections (confirmed via urine culture) , and adenotonsillar hypertrophy (assessed using the Brodsky scale). The outcome will be reported as the percentage of the study cohort presenting with one or more of these identified medical conditions.
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