Aromatase inhibitors are the most used endocrine therapy for hormone-positive breast cancer. Despite the evidence that aromatase inhibitor therapy is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, potentially related to the duration of use, no studies have been conducted to characterize the long-term effects of aromatase inhibitor therapy on the heart or vessel structure and function as underlying determinants of cardiovascular mortality. This study will characterize the long-term effects of aromatase inhibitor therapy on established and novel health indices for CVD in breast cancer patients, by examining cross-sectionally compare health indices 1-, 5- and 10-years post-diagnosis in breast cancer survivors to controls. Specifically, our objectives are as follows:
1. To examine the effects of aromatase inhibitor therapy on early risk indicators for cardiovascular disease in the peripheral vasculature and heart, including aortic stiffness (primary outcome) and secondary outcomes of peripheral and carotid artery stiffness, blood biomarkers (lipids), blood pressure, carotid intima media thickness, endothelial function, and left ventricular ejection fraction, global longitudinal strain, and left ventricular diastolic function, in breast cancer survivors compared to controls. 2. To examine the effects of aromatase inhibitor therapy on factors related to cerebrovascular health, autonomic regulation, and cognitive function, including BDNF, heart rate variability, cerebrovascular function in response to a supine-sit-stand maneuver and squatting challenge, and a core battery of cognitive function tests, in breast cancer survivors compared to controls. 3. To examine the effects of aromatase inhibitor therapy on body composition, bone mineral density, and protein metabolism, in breast cancer survivors compared to controls. 4. To examine the effects of aromatase inhibitor therapy on lifestyle factors (behavioural), including diet, physical activity (including cardiorespiratory fitness), sleep, stress, and quality of life, in breast cancer survivors compared to controls.
The investigators hypothesize that biologic and behavioural cardiovascular health indices will be deteriorated relative to controls as early as 1 year post-diagnosis and that prolonged use will further accelerate aging-related impairments.
Biologically female
Post-menopausal with natural (no bilateral oophorectomy) amenorrhea for at least 1 year
If using hormone replacement therapy, limit of a maximum of 3 years of treatment but not within the last 6 months.
Diagnosis of stage I, II, or III breast cancer
Previous treatment using tamoxifen endocrine therapy in a pre-or peri-menopausal setting
Major signs or symptoms of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, or renal disease (taken from the American College of Sports Medicine's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription 11th edition Table 2.1: pain or discomfort in the chest, neck, jaw, arms with rest or exercise, shortness of breath at rest or with mild exertion, dizziness or syncope, loss of balance or passing out, ankle edema, palpitations or tachycardia, intermittent claudication, known heart murmur, unusual fatigue with usual activities.)
American Heart Association's absolute or relative contraindications for symptom-limited maximal exercise testing (myocardial infarction, aortic or coronary artery stenosis, heart failure, pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis, inflammation of the heart (myocarditis, pericarditis, and/or endocarditis), uncontrolled cardiac arrythmia, advanced or complete electrical heart block, stroke or transient ischemia attack, blood pressure >200mmHg/100mmHg, a cancer diagnosis other than skin cancer)
Unable to provide informed consent or communicate in English
Participants will be recruited from the community in the Greater Toronto Area via posters, newsletters, social media advertisements, and word of mouth.
Case-control
Prospective
N/A - Usual Care
Other interventionBreast cancer survivors will have received usual care aromatase inhibitors for up to 10 years post-diagnosis.
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Treatment groupsSee each treatment group below.
Aortic Stiffness
Aortic stiffness, measured non-invasively by pulse wave velocity, will be assessed using applanation tonometry.
Brachial Artery Endothelial Function
Endothelial function will be assessed using the gold standard method of flow mediated dilation (FMD) using non-invasive duplex ultrasound (GE Vivid IQ) and edge-tracking software.
Carotid Artery Stiffness
Functional assessment of the carotid artery stiffness will be assessed using B-mode ultrasound and artery edge-tracking software
Carotid Intima Media Thickness
Structural assessment of the carotid artery thickness will be assessed using B-mode ultrasound and artery edge-tracking software
Arterial Stiffness
Measured by Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) of the arm and leg
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Measured as peak volume of oxygen consumption via indirect calorimetry during a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer.
Framingham 10-year risk (%)
Calculated using the standardized scoring system where sex-specific points are assigned to age, systolic blood pressure (dependent on treatment status), HDL, total cholesterol, smoking and diabetes status. The range for females is 0-30% where a higher score indicates a greater risk of cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years.
Heart Rate Recovery
Measured as the difference between peak heart rate during the cardiorespiratory fitness test and heart rate 2-minutes into active recovery after stopping the exercise test.
Heart Rate Variability
Measured as the variability in beat-to-beat heart rate during supine rest.
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University of Toronto
Lead sponsor
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
Collaborator
Cancer Research Society
Collaborator
