Circadian Timing and Time Perception in Healthy Adults

Trial statusRecruiting
Trial phaseNot applicable
Trial typeInterventional
Biological sexAll
Age23-45
SponsorUniversity of Aarhus

About this trial

This study examines how a person's natural daily rhythm ("chronotype") affects the way time is experienced and judged. Healthy Danish-speaking adults (23-45 years) who are clearly morning-type or evening-type will complete two lab sessions in a crossover design: one at their preferred time of day (e.g., morning for morning-types) and one at the opposite time (misaligned). In each session, participants do brief computerized tasks that measure time estimation/production, vigilance (psychomotor vigilance task), decision-making, and responses to social information, plus simple color-vision tasks. Short questionnaires about sleepiness, mood, fatigue, and the subjective "passage of time" are collected before, during, and after testing. A subset will wear a wrist actigraphy device for one week beforehand to characterize sleep-wake patterns.

Testing is conducted under standardized lab conditions with scheduled breaks. The main goal is to determine whether time judgments and vigilance are less accurate during the misaligned session and whether decision-making and social responses also vary with circadian timing. Risks are minimal and mainly relate to temporary tiredness when tested at a non-preferred time; participants may stop at any time. Participation is voluntary. Data are pseudonymized and handled under GDPR. Participants receive DKK 300 after completing both sessions (pro-rated if they withdraw early). Results will be published regardless of outcome, and de-identified data/code will be shared after publication.This study examines how a person's natural daily rhythm ("chronotype") affects the way time is experienced and judged. Healthy Danish-speaking adults (23-45 years) who are clearly morning-type or evening-type will complete two lab sessions in a crossover design: one at their preferred time of day (e.g., morning for morning-types) and one at the opposite time (misaligned). In each session, participants do brief computerized tasks that measure time estimation/production, vigilance (psychomotor vigilance task), decision-making, and responses to social information, plus simple color-vision tasks. Short questionnaires about sleepiness, mood, fatigue, and the subjective "passage of time" are collected before, during, and after testing. A subset will wear a wrist actigraphy device for one week beforehand to characterize sleep-wake patterns.

Testing is conducted under standardized lab conditions with scheduled breaks. The main goal is to determine whether time judgments and vigilance are less accurate during the misaligned session and whether decision-making and social responses also vary with circadian timing. Risks are minimal and mainly relate to temporary tiredness when tested at a non-preferred time; participants may stop at any time. Participation is voluntary. Data are pseudonymized and handled under GDPR. Participants receive DKK 300 after completing both sessions (pro-rated if they withdraw early). Results will be published regardless of outcome, and de-identified data/code will be shared after publication.

Eligibility criteria

This trial accepts healthy volunteers

Qualifiers

Aged 23 to 45 years

Able to understand and communicate in Danish

Completed at least upper secondary education (e.g., gymnasium)

MT: sleep midpoint on free days (MSFsc) ≤ 03:00

Disqualifiers

Current engagement in shift work, rotating schedules, or other forms of irregular sleep-wake timing

Diagnosis of any neurological, psychiatric, or sleep-related disorder (e.g., insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea)

Use of medications that affect sleep, alertness, or circadian functioning (e.g., melatonin, stimulants, antidepressants)

International travel across time zones within the four weeks preceding study participation

Trial design

Design model

Crossover

Treatments tested in this trial

  • Session timing relative to chronotype

    Behavioral

    Two-period, two-sequence crossover manipulation of testing time. Each participant completes both sessions: (1) circadian-congruent timing (morning types tested in the morning; evening types in the evening) and (2) circadian-incongruent timing (opposite time). Session order is randomized (AB/BA). Sessions are run morning and evening on the same day with a substantial interval; no visible clocks; 12-h pre-session caffeine/strenuous-exercise restriction; standardized lab light/temperature. Primary outcomes: time-estimation/production bias and PVT lapses/RT.

Treatment groups

128 Participants
are divided into 2 treatment groups
Group A: Sequence AB - Congruent → IncongruentExperimental treatment 1 intervention
Group B: Sequence BA - Incongruent → CongruentExperimental treatment 1 intervention

Trial outcomes

Primary outcomes

1

Time estimation bias

Signed percent error across 10, 30, and 60 s trials with a fixation cross: ((estimated - target)/target) × 100. Three trials per duration; session-level mean computed. Primary contrast: incongruent - congruent (within-subject). Higher values = overestimation.

Time frame
Day 1 (once during each of the two laboratory sessions: morning and evening)

Secondary outcomes

1

Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) lapses (count)

Number of lapses (reaction time \> 500 ms) during a 10-minute PVT. Session-level count. Primary contrast: incongruent - congruent (within-subject). Secondary PVT metrics (median RT, 10% slowest RT) analyzed separately.

Time frame
Day 1 (once during each of the two laboratory sessions: morning and evening)
2

Time production bias (neutral stimuli, 10-60 s)

Signed percent error for produced intervals vs targets (10, 30, 60 s). Three trials per duration; session-level mean. Contrast: incongruent - congruent (within-subject).

Time frame
Day 1 (once during each of the two laboratory sessions: morning and evening)
3

Duration discrimination threshold (2AFC adaptive)

JND (ms or % of standard) from a 2-interval, 3-down/1-up staircase with sub-second to few-second standards; session-level threshold. Contrast: incongruent - congruent.

Time frame
Day 1 (once during each of the two laboratory sessions: morning and evening)
4

Subjective passage-of-time rating (VAS 0-100)

VAS rating of "how fast time felt" collected pre/mid/post session; session-level mean or change from baseline. Contrast: incongruent - congruent.

Time frame
Day 1 (pre-, mid-, and post-session ratings during each of the two laboratory sessions)

Other outcomes

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