This clinical study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of patient-specific 3D-printed titanium facial implants in the reconstruction and aesthetic correction of facial defects. The study will include patients presenting with congenital, traumatic, or post-surgical facial deformities requiring reconstructive intervention.
Eligible participants will undergo preoperative clinical assessment and radiological imaging to design customized implants using computer-aided design (CAD) and 3D printing technology. The implants will be fabricated from medical-grade titanium and surgically placed according to standardized maxillofacial reconstructive protocols.
Postoperative follow-up will assess functional outcomes, implant stability, complication rates, and aesthetic improvement over a defined observation period. Outcome evaluation will include clinical examination and patient-reported satisfaction measures.
The objective of this study is to determine whether patient-specific 3D-printed titanium implants provide reliable functional restoration and improved aesthetic outcomes in facial reconstruction compared to conventional reconstructive techniques.
Age 18 years or older.
Presence of facial bone defects resulting from cystic or tumoral osteolytic lesions.
Acquired or congenital facial deformities associated with bony defects or facial asymmetry.
Patients requiring patient-specific 3D-printed titanium implants for maxillofacial reconstruction.
Active pathological lesions at the time of enrollment.
Age below 18 years.
History of radiotherapy within 12 months prior to enrollment.
Chronic untreated vitamin D deficiency.
Single group
Patient-specific titanium implants for facial reconstruction
Procedure/SurgeryPatient-specific 3D-printed titanium implants will be used for reconstruction of facial bone defects and correction of facial deformities. Each implant will be individually designed based on high-resolution computed tomography (CT) imaging and three-dimensional virtual surgical planning (VSP) using computer-aided design (CAD) software to accurately match the patient's anatomical defect. The implants will be manufactured from medical-grade titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) using selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing technology. Post-processing will include surface finishing and sterilization prior to surgical use. Surgical placement will be performed under general anesthesia following standard maxillofacial surgical protocols. The customized implants will be fixed to the native bone using titanium fixation screws when required to restore facial contour, structural support, and symmetry. Postoperative follow-up will include clinical and radiological assessment using CT imaging t
Postoperative Complication Rate
Assessment of postoperative complications following reconstruction with patient-specific 3D-printed titanium implants. Complications include infection, implant exposure, implant failure, or the need for revision surgery. Each patient will be assigned a binary score: 0 = no postoperative complication and 1 = presence of one or more postoperative complications. The outcome will be evaluated and recorded by the treating surgeon during the follow-up period. Higher values indicate a greater complication rate.
Outcome Measure Title: Implant Geometric Accuracy Assessed by 3D Deviation Analysis
Assessment of the geometric accuracy of the patient-specific 3D-printed titanium implant by performing three-dimensional scanning of the manufactured implant and comparing it with the original digital design using 3D deviation analysis software. Accuracy will be quantified as the root mean square (RMS) deviation between the scanned implant and the planned digital model. Lower deviation values indicate higher manufacturing accuracy.
Aesthetic Improvement Score
Assessment of facial symmetry following reconstruction using a standardized 5-point facial symmetry scale evaluated by an independent plastic surgeon. Scores range from 1 (severe asymmetry) to 5 (excellent symmetry). Higher scores indicate better aesthetic outcomes.
Total Operative Time (Minutes)
Assessment of the total duration of the surgical procedure, measured from skin incision to wound closure and recorded in minutes. Operative time will be compared with historical data from conventional reconstruction techniques. Lower values indicate greater surgical efficiency.
Patient Satisfaction Score Using a 10-Point Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Assessment of patient satisfaction with the reconstructive outcome using a 10-point Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The scale ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates complete dissatisfaction and 10 indicates complete satisfaction. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction.
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