Significant left main (LM) stenosis is associated with a poor prognosis, therefore, adequate judgement of the prognostic significance of LM stenosis is essential to improve patients' prognosis. Recently, fractional flow reserve (FFR) has become widespread practice and carries a Class Ia recommendation to assess functional significance of intermediate coronary stenosis in patients with stable angina. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-derived minimum lumen area (MLA) represents an accurate measure to determine LM significance as shown in multiple studies, while optical coherence tomography (OCT) ,which is a novel intracoronary imaging method with a greater spatial resolution (15μm vs. 100μm), faster image acquisition and facilitated image interpretation, OCT derived-MLA has never been validated against FFR and accordingly, it is not mentioned in the current guidelines for myocardial revascularization. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has emerged as a noninvasive alternative of coronary angiography with its excellent negative predictive value, while the positive predictive value of CTA is limited. Computational fluid dynamics is an emerging method that enables prediction of blood flow in coronary arteries and calculation of FFR from computed tomography (FFRCT) noninvasively. Noninvasive and accurate assessment of functional significance would bring a great benefit for patients with LM stenosis, however, there are no data to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FFRCT for LM stenosis in comparison with FFR and minimal lumen area derived by OCT.
This study will investigate the optimal OCT-derived MLA cut-off point and the diagnostic performance of FFRCT for intermediate LM stenosis compared with FFR ≤0.8 as a reference standard.
Unprotected LM lesion [midshaft, and distal bifurcation (Medina 1,1,1 or 1,1,0 or 1,0,1 or 1,0,0)] of 30% to 80% angiographic diameter stenosis (DS) on visual estimation or equivocal disease by angiography.
Age ≥18 years.
Ability to give preliminary oral consent witnessed by an independent physician or sign written informed consent prior to any study-specific procedures.
Significant distal lesions (>50% angiographic DS on visual estimation within the left anterior descending artery [LAD] or left circumflex artery [LCX], except for ostium of LAD or LCX or diseased side branch [e.g. diagonal branch, obtuse marginal branch])
Ostial LM disease.
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (non-ST-elevation ACS and ST-elevation MI).
LM In-stent restenosis.
Single group
OCT, FFR, CTA and FFRCT
Diagnostic testMultimodality assessment of intermediate left main stenosis: Comparison of optical coherence tomography-derived minimal lumen area, invasive fractional flow reserve and FFRCT
OCT vs. FFR
\- The area under the curve of OCT-derived MLA for FFR≤0.8
OCT vs. FFR
-The optimal cut-off point of OCT-derived MLA from receiver-operator characteristics curves for FFR≤0.8
FFRCT vs. FFR
Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of FFRCT≤0.8 for FFR≤0.8
OCT vs. FFR, RFR, resting Pd/Pa, FFRCT, QFR
\- The area under the curve and the optimal cut-off point of OCT-derived MLA from receiver-operator characteristics curves for FFR≤0.75, RFR≤0.89, resting Pd/Pa≤0.91, and FFRCT≤0.80 and QFR≤0.80
OCT vs. FFR, RFR, resting Pd/Pa, FFRCT
\- Predictability of MLA, minimal lumen diameter, area stenosis, lesion length, eccentricity index, and plaque characteristics (plaque rupture, fibroatheroma, and calcification) for FFR ≤0.8, FFR≤0.75, RFR≤0.89, resting Pd/Pa≤0.91, and FFRCT≤0.80 and QFR≤0.80
OCT vs. FFR, RFR, resting Pd/Pa, FFRCT
\- Correlation among OCT-derived MLA, FFR, RFR, resting Pd/Pa, and FFRCT and QFR
OCT vs. CTA
\- Correlation between luminal diameter stenosis of CTA and OCT-derived MLA
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