The goal of this observational study is to learn about the status quo and relationship of dry eye, problematic smartphone use, bedtime procrastination, and sleep in adolescents and young adults. The main questions it aims to answer are:
* Is there a positive correlation between problematic smartphone use and dry eye? * Is problematic smartphone use positively correlated with bedtime procrastination? * Is bedtime procrastination negatively correlated with sleep quality? * Is there a negative correlation between sleep quality and dry eye? * Is there a negative correlation between problematic smartphone use and sleep quality? * Is there a positive correlation between bedtime procrastination and dry eye? * Do bedtime procrastination and sleep quality serve as mediating factors in the relationship of problematic smartphone use and dry eye? Participants will be asked to complete several questionnaires and dry eye related examinations.
Adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 35 (including 14,25 years old) ;
Agree to participate in the studies
Unable to communicate normally;
With ocular surface diseases other than dry eye and autoimmune diseases;
Use drugs that may cause damage to the ocular surface, such as anti glaucoma drugs, antidepressants, sex hormones, chemotherapy drugs, etc.;
With a history of eye trauma or eye surgery;
General adolescents and young adults between 14-35 years old
Other
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Dry eye symptoms
Ocular Surface Disease Index scale with 12-item will be used to measure dry eye symptoms. The scale uses Likert 5 comments, with a total score ranging from 0 to 100. And the total score reaching or exceeding 13 points indicates that participants exhibit symptoms of dry eye.
Problematic smartphone use
The 10-item Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version will be used to measure the problematic smartphone use. The scale uses Likert 6 comments, with a total score ranging from 10 to 60. And higher scores indicate more severe problematic smartphone use.
sleep quality
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale is used to measure participants' sleep quality. The total score ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate lower quality of sleep.
bedtime procrastination
There are 9 items in the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, which is used to measure participants' bedtime procrastination. The scale uses 5-point scale, with a total score ranging from 9 to 45. And higher scores indicate more severe procrastination before sleep.
Perceived level of stress
The 14-item Chinese Perceived Stress Scale will be used to measure the perceived level of stress among adolescents and young adults. The scale uses Likert 5 comments, with a total score ranging from 0 to 56. And higher scores indicate a greater pressure that individuals feel in their daily lives.
non-invasive tear film break-up time
Non-invasive tear film break-up time is measured by Oculus Keratograph 5M. A cut-off value of less than or equal to 10 s has been reported to be indicative of DED.
Tear meniscus height
The Ocular Keratograph 5M was utilized to measure the tear meniscus height directly beneath three points: the center of the pupil, the nasal corneal limbus, and the temporal corneal limbus. The average of these three measurements was calculated to serve as the final data for tear meniscus height.
Meibomian gland loss
The degree of Meibomian gland loss was scored according to the meiboscore (Grade 0: no dropout, Grade 1: dropout of 2/3 of lid area, Grade 2: dropout of 1/3-2/3 of lid area, Grade 3: dropout of \>2/3 of lid area).
Lipid layer thickness (LLT) and blinking pattern
The LLT and blinking pattern were assessed using LipiView interferometer. The LLT information included the minimum, maximum, and average for 20 seconds. The blinking pattern was obtained by determining the total blinking and partial blinking rates in 20 seconds and then calculating the partial blinking/total blinking ratio.
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Wei XIA, PhD
Lead sponsor
Sun Yat-sen University
Sponsor institution
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