Effect of Adding Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvant toBupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided ExternalOblique Intercostal Plane Block in UpperAbdominal Cancer Surgery.
Patients aged 18-70 years scheduled for elective upper abdominal cancer surgery (e.g., gastrectomy, hepatectomy, pancreatectomy).
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III.
Body mass index (BMI) between 18-35 kg/m².
Patient refusal.
Allergy to local anesthetics or dexmedetomidine.
Coagulopathy (INR >1.5, platelet count <100,000/mm³).
Infection at the injection site.
Parallel
Dexmedetomidine
DrugDexmedetomidine as Adjuvant toBupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided ExternalOblique Intercostal Plane Block
Total Postoperative Opioid Consumption (mg of morphine equivalents)
To evaluate the effect of adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine on total opioid consumption within the first 24 hours after upper abdominal cancer surgery.
Postoperative Pain Intensity Using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS 0-10)
Pain scores will be assessed at rest and during movement using the Visual Analog Scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain). Higher scores indicate worse pain.
Time to First Request for Rescue Analgesia.
Time from block performance until first request for analgesia.
Number of Participants with Adverse Effects
Incidence of nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and bradycardia.
patient satisfaction score
Patient satisfaction regarding pain control (0 = completely dissatisfied, 10 = fully satisfied). Higher scores indicate better satisfaction.
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