The objective of this novel study is to establish proof of concept using a pilot randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of DHM compared to formula supplementation on the microbiome in full-term infants who are born via caesarean section and require supplementation. Secondarily, this study aims to compare the infant health outcomes of sleep and growth between groups to assess if these outcomes are mediated by infant feeding type or potential differences in microbial signatures. Finally, this study will compare maternal outcomes of depression, anger, breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding rates between groups.
The infant gut microbiome plays a critical role in the developing immune, neurologic, and endocrine systems. Yet, most infants experience early life disruptions (ELDs) to their microbiome that have potential long-term health and development impacts. A major source of disruption is caesarean section (c-section) delivery because the infant is born surgically and is not exposed to important commensal bacteria required to establish the infant microbiome. Currently in Canada, over 28% of infants are born via c-section.
Exclusive breastfeeding can improve gut microbiota composition in infants who are born via c-section. However, approximately 60% of infants born via c-section require formula supplementation in their first week of life. Evidence indicates that even one bottle of formula can further disrupt the gut microbiome.
Donor human milk (DHM) is a superior alternative to formula when supplementation is required as its biotic properties minimize perturbations to the infant gut microbiome and may help to repair the microbiome in infants who experience ELDs. Yet, while DHM is well researched in preterm populations, evidence on the impact of DHM as a therapeutic intervention on the full-term infant gut microbiome is lacking.
The hypothesis of this study is: that replacing formula with DHM supplementation will minimize gut microbiome dysbiosis and foster homeostasis following supplementation. In addition, it is hypothesized that improved homeostasis will promote improved sleep and growth outcomes in participant infants. Finally, mothers whose infants receive DHM will have lower depression and anger scores and higher breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding rates compared to mothers whose infants receive formula.
Gestation greater than 37 weeks gestation (full-term)
Caesarean Section delivery
Intending to breastfeed
Consent for infant to receive DHM
Diagnosed with clinically significant major congenital malformation that will interfere with breastfeeding or growth
No intention to breastfeed
Parallel
Donor Human Milk - Nutritional Replacement
Other interventionAll DHM in North America is pasteurized and provided through certified milk banks regulated by the Human Milk Banking Association of North America. DHM for this study will be obtained from the NorthernStar Mothers Milk Bank (NMMB). The milk is pasteurized and rigorously tested according to Human Milk Banking Association of North America guidelines. In Canada, DHM is categorized as food or nutritional therapy and the milk bank is monitored and certified by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The product used for this study will be the same product that is provided to other hospital units (mainly the neonatal intensive care units) in Alberta and around Canada. The product will not be modified or tampered with in any way.
Infant gut microbiome - shallow shotgun metagenomics (RA)
Relative abundance
Infant gut microbiome - shallow shotgun metagenomics (RA)
Relative abundance
Infant gut microbiome - shallow shotgun metagenomics (RA)
Relative abundance
Infant gut microbiome - shallow shotgun metagenomics (alpha diversity)
alpha diversity of microbiome
Infant Sleep
Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire - Revised Short Form - Scores on each subscale and the total score are scaled from 0 to 100, with higher scores denoting better sleep quality, more positive perception of infant sleep, and parent behaviors that promote healthy and independent sleep.
Infant Sleep
Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire - Scores on each subscale and the total score are scaled from 0 to 100, with higher scores denoting better sleep quality, more positive perception of infant sleep, and parent behaviors that promote healthy and independent sleep.
Infant Growth - weight
Weight - in grams; weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m\^2
Infant Growth - length
Length - in centimeters; weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m\^2
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University of Calgary
Lead sponsor
University of British Columbia
Collaborator
University of Victoria
Collaborator
NorthernStar Mothers Milk Bank
Collaborator
