This study will evaluate a smartphone-based program designed to support adults who smoke cigarettes. Participants will use the spark app to complete brief surveys during the day and a daily evening survey about their smoking urges, smoking, decisions not to smoke, and everyday experiences. Participants will also log cigarettes when they smoke. After some cigarette logs, participants will answer a few additional questions about their situation and feelings; after others, they will only log the cigarette.
The study has three phases. In the first phase, participants will complete surveys and cigarette logs without receiving intervention messages. In the second phase, they will receive motivational messages at random times. In the third phase, message timing and content will be tailored using information collected during the earlier phases. The study will examine whether personalized motivational messages can help participants forgo smoking in daily life.
Age 21 years or older.
Has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime.
Currently smokes cigarettes every day.
Smokes 10 or fewer cigarettes per day.
Current use of electronic cigarettes or vaping products.
Unable to provide informed consent.
Does not have a compatible smartphone or reliable internet access.
Unable to complete study procedures because of a cognitive, visual, motor, or other impairment not accommodated by the study procedures.
Single group
Non-Adaptive Motivational EMI
BehavioralSmartphone-delivered motivational messages provided at randomly selected times during the Non-Adaptive EMI Phase. Message timing and content are not tailored using participant behavior, context, or assessment data.
Adaptive Motivational EMI
BehavioralSmartphone-delivered motivational messages provided during the Adaptive EMI Phase. Message timing is determined using predictive models developed from earlier study-phase data, and message content is adapted to the participant's estimated likelihood of successfully forgoing smoking in their current context.
Percentage of weekly smoking urge episodes in which smoking is forgone
Smoking forgoing will be assessed using study-specific ecological momentary assessment (EMA) item: "Since the last prompt (check-in or smoking report), have you \*chosen\* to skip any cigarettes that you normally would have smoked?" (yes/no). The outcome is the percentage of participant-reported smoking urge episodes per week. Higher percentages indicate more smoking forgoing.
Number of cigarettes smoked per day
Cigarette smoking will be assessed using count of the participant-initiated cigarette-event logs. The outcome is the mean number of cigarettes smoked per participant per week during the study period.
Mean weekly momentary smoking urge/craving intensity score
Current smoking urge or craving will be assessed using a study-specific EMA item: "How much do you crave (have an urging for) a cigarette right now? ". Participants will rate urge/craving on a 1-7 point scale, where 1 = 'not at all' and 7 = 'very much'. Higher scores indicate greater urge/craving.
Weekly EMA adherence
Proportion of scheduled EMA prompts completed by participants per week
Smoking forgoing following motivational-message delivery
Smoking-forgoing will be assessed using study-specific EMA urge reports and participant-initiated cigarette-event logs. The outcome is the percentage of participant-reported smoking-urge episodes in which the participant does not smoke a cigarette, calculated separately following delivery versus non-delivery of a motivational message at eligible decision points. Higher percentages indicate greater smoking forgoing.
Cigarette smoking following motivational-message delivery
Cigarette smoking will be assessed using count of participant-initiated cigarette-event logs. The outcome is the mean number of cigarettes smoked per participant per week, calculated separately following delivery versus non-delivery of a motivational message at eligible decision points.
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