Effect of Reformer Exercises on Pain Perception in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.

Pain intensity measurement by Brief Pain Inventory

Brief Pain Inventory: The questionnaire was developed by Cleeland and Ryan in 1994 . The pain intensity section of the BPI consists of four items that are scored from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain), whereas the functional interference section consists of seven items that are scored from 0 (no interference) to 10 (complete interference). A pain severity score is calculated from the mean of the four pain intensity items, and a pain interference score is calculated from the mean of the seven pain interference items

Pain coping assessment by Pain Coping Inventory.

Pain Coping Scale: The Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ) is a 39-item self-report measure for evaluating pain coping in children and adolescents in both clinical and research settings.16 It consists of 8 subscales that can be categorized into 3 higher-order factors, including approach (composed of information seeking, problem-solving, and seeking social support subscales), problem-focused avoidance (composed of positive self-statements, behavioural distraction, and cognitive distraction subscales), and emotion-focused avoidance (composed of externalizing and internalizing/catastrophizing subscales).

Pain beliefs assessment by Pain Beliefs Scale.

Pain Beliefs Scale: It was developed to evaluate the beliefs about the cause and treatment of pain in individuals with pain complaints.Pain beliefs and perceptions inventory (PBAPI). The PBAPI was made up to 16 items selected from the piloted version of the PBAPI. Twelve of the items were selected to represent the factors found in the pilot study. Four additional items from the piloted version were included which demonstrated good internal consistency when piloted and which measured the degree to which pain is believed to be a mysterious experience. Each item was presented along with a 4-point Likert scale anchored at the hash marks with degrees of agreement or disagreement.

Kinesiophobia assessment by Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale

Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale: The Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale measures fear of movement/reinjury.Individual item scores range from 1-4, with the negatively worded items (4,8,12,16) having a reverse scoring (4-1). The 17 item TSK total scores range from 17 to 68 where the lowest 17 means no or negligible kinesiophobia, and the higher scores indicate an increasing degree of kinesiophobia

Fatigue assessment by Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy.

FACIT Fatigue The FACIT Fatigue Scale is a short, 13-item, easy to administer tool that measures an individual's level of fatigue during their usual daily activities over the past week. The level of fatigue is measured on a four point Likert scale (4 = not at all fatigued to 0 = very much fatigued).Score range is 0-52.Less than 30 score shows severe fatique.

Sleep quality assessment

Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. Nineteen individual items generate seven "component" scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction.seven component scores are derived, each scored 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (severe difficulty). The component scores are summed to produce a global score (range 0 to 21). Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality.