Effect of Resistance Exercise on Energy Balance and Appetite Regulation in Males and Females
Trial statusRecruiting
Trial phaseNot applicable
Trial typeInterventional
Biological sexAll
Age20-30
SponsorNational Taiwan Normal University
About this trial
There is growing evidence that males and females may exhibit different acute responses and long-term adaptations to exercise training. Accordingly, contemporary exercise physiology research increasingly recognizes sex as an important biological variable that may influence appetite regulation and energy balance.
This year's project aims to investigate: (1) appetite regulation and energy balance following acute resistance exercise, and (2) potential sex-based differences in appetite regulation and energy balance in response to resistance exercise.
Understanding both the overall effects of resistance exercise and sex-related variability in these responses is important for improving the physiological interpretation of exercise-induced changes in appetite and energy balance. Such knowledge may help to reduce heterogeneity in exercise research findings and support the development of more precise, evidence-based exercise prescriptions that are applicable to both males and females.
Eligibility criteria
This trial accepts healthy volunteersQualifiers
Healthy males and females aged 20-30 years
Females with a regular menstrual cycle
Stable body weight, defined as no significant change in body weight during the past 6 months
Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent
Disqualifiers
Body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m²
Body fat percentage > 25% in males
Body fat percentage > 30% in females
Hypertension, defined as resting blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg
Trial design
Design model
Crossover
Treatments tested in this trial
resistance exercise (males)
Other interventionResistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 120 sec of rest between sets.
resistance exercise (females)
Other interventionDuring the early follicular phase, participants completed a standardized resistance exercise protocol consisting of squat, bench press, and deadlift, performed in a fixed order. Each exercise comprised three sets of seven repetitions at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 120 s of rest between sets.
Treatment groups
30 Participants
are divided into 4 treatment groupsGroup A: malesExperimental treatment 1 intervention
Group B: males controlNo intervention 0 interventions
Group C: females exerciseExperimental treatment 1 intervention
Group D: females controlNo intervention 0 interventions
Trial outcomes
Primary outcomes
1
Subjective appetite
The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.".
Time frame
3 hours during each study intervention2
Change in acyl-Ghrelin
acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL
Time frame
3 hours during each study intervention3
Change in PYY
PYY in pg/mL
Time frame
3 hours during each study intervention4
Change in lactate
lactate in mmol/L
Time frame
3 hours during each study interventionSecondary outcomes
1
Leeds food preference questionnaire
Explicit liking A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely." Explicit wanting A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How much do you want some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely." Implicit wanting Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation. Relative preference Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?".
Time frame
3 hours during each study intervention2
Leeds food preference questionnaire
Taste appeal bias Taste preference (savoury or sweet) is calculated by subtracting the mean savory scores from the mean sweet scores. Positive values suggest a preference for sweet foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between taste categories. Fat appeal bias Fat preference (high or low) is calculated by subtracting the mean low-fat scores from the mean high-fat scores. Positive values suggest a preference for high-fat foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for low-fat or savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between fat content.
Time frame
3 hours during each study intervention3
10 Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) will be assessed using the Borg Category-Ratio 10 (CR10) scale during resistance exercise. The scale ranges from 1 to 10, where 1 indicates very light exertion and 10 indicates maximal exertion. Higher scores represent greater perceived exercise intensity.
Time frame
1-hour during each exercise intervention4
Heart rate (HR)
HR will be measured during each study intervention. HRV (Heart Rate Variability) will be measured during each study intervention.
Time frame
3-hour during each study interventionSponsors and contacts
Click on the lead sponsor to view all of their trials.
Source ClinicalTrials.gov