This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-developed diabetes self-management mobile application on disease self-management outcomes among individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for more than 6 months and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > 7.5%.
Having diabetes self-management obstacles.
Aged 18 years or older.
Conscious and able to communicate.
Gestational diabetes mellitus.
Currently taking steroid medications.
Having a severe infection requiring hospitalization within the past 6 months.
Unable to perform self-care independently.
Parallel
Researcher-Designed Diabetes Self-Management Application
BehavioralParticipants in the intervention group will receive routine diabetes care and use the enhanced diabetes self-management mobile application. In addition to the basic self-management recording functions, the intervention group will receive video-based health education and multidisciplinary team care through the application. The multidisciplinary team may include healthcare professionals such as physicians, nurses, dietitians, and pharmacists, who provide diabetes-related guidance to support daily self-management, self-efficacy, and metabolic control.
Diabetes management self-efficacy
1. The Chinese version of the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale(C-DMSES) includes 20 items across four subscales: 1. Nutrition: 9 items 2. Physical activity and weight control: 4 items 3. Medication treatment: 3 items 4. Blood glucose and foot care: 4 items 2. Scores range from 0 to 10. 3. The scale has good reliability, with an overall Cronbach's α of .93. 4. Subscale Cronbach's α values range from .77 to .93. 5. The scale also has good test-retest reliability, with Pearson's r = .86, p \< .01.
Diabetes self-management obstacles
Diabetes self-management obstacles will be measured using the Chinese Version of the Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire-Short Form (CDOQ-S). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 5. The items are negatively scored, and higher scores indicate greater obstacles in diabetes self-management.
HbA1c
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) will be measured using laboratory blood tests and reported as a percentage (%)
Fasting plasma glucose
Fasting plasma glucose will be measured using laboratory blood tests and reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
Triglycerides
Serum triglyceride levels will be measured using laboratory blood tests and reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
Total cholesterol
Serum total cholesterol levels will be measured using laboratory blood tests and reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
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