Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of TKD on anthropometric and physical function parameters in older women with abdominal obesity, compared with conventional exercise interventions such as MCT, and WE. We hypothesized that TKD would produce greater improvements in abdominal fat and physical function than MCT and WE in older women with abdominal obesity.
(i) women aged 60-65 years
(ii) waist circumference >88 cm
(iii) ability to understand and follow contextualized instructions based on simple commands
(iv) functional independence, defined as a score of ≥43 points on the Preventive Medicine Examination for Older Adults of the Chilean Ministry of Health.
(i) presence of disability
(ii) participation in physical rehabilitation or presence of musculoskeletal injuries limiting usual physical activity
(iii) permanent or temporary contraindication to participation in physical exercise.
Parallel
taekwondo training
BehavioralThe TKD program consisted of non-contact exercises performed during the main section of each session. This component included 10 min of basic stances and upper-limb technical actions, such as blocks and strikes, followed by 20 min of lower-limb techniques, including movements, stances, and kicks. These exercises were performed individually and in pairs, with and without taekwondo pads and shields. In addition, specific choreographies or poomsae, including Kibom Poomsae and Il Jang, were practiced for 10 min. During the first four weeks, participants completed three sets of eight repetitions of specific upper- and lower-limb technical exercises, with 2 min of rest between sets From weeks 5 to 8, training volume increased to four sets of eight repetitions for each technical exercise, maintaining 2 min of recovery between sets.
multicomponent training
Behavioralprogram was organized as a 40-min circuit using elastic bands, poles, 2-kg medicine balls, and chairs. The main section included exercises aimed at improving agility, postural balance, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Strength exercises involved major lower-limb muscle groups, including the quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteal muscles, and gastrocnemius, as well as upper-limb and trunk-related muscles such as the biceps, triceps, deltoids, and latissimus dorsi. During the first four weeks, the training volume consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions for each strength exercise, with 2 min of rest between sets. Movement execution was controlled, with approximately 2 s for the concentric phase and 4 s for the eccentric phase. From weeks 5 to 8, the volume increased to four sets of 10 repetitions per exercise, maintaining 2 min of rest between sets. During weeks 9 to 12, four sets were maintained, while repetitions increased to 12. In the final phase, from weeks 13 to 16.
walking exercise
Behavioralprogram began with a 5-min warm-up that included joint mobility and flexibility exercises. The main section consisted of walking on level ground for 35 to 50 min, with duration progressively increased by 5 min every four weeks. Each session ended with a 5-min cool-down involving static and dynamic flexibility exercises. Exercise intensity was maintained at a moderate-to-vigorous level, corresponding to 50% to 70% of HRmax, and was monitored using heart rate sensor straps (H10, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland). Training progression was adjusted every four weeks by increasing walking duration by 5 min and individually regulating cadence, thereby increasing the distance covered by each participant. Perceived exertion was also assessed using Borg's 10-point scale. and complemented with heart rate monitoring. Figure 2 summarizes the evaluation schedule and intervention sessions.
Body mass
Body mass was assessed using a digital scale (Seca 769, Germany; precision 0.1 kg), while standing height was measured with a stadiometer (Seca 220, Germany; precision 0.1 cm).
Body mass index (BMI)
was calculated as body mass in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Abdominal obesity
Abdominal obesity was classified according to waist circumference, using a cut-off point of ≥88 cm for women.
Senior Fitness Test battery
Lower-limb muscle strength was determined through the 30-s chair stand test, recording the total number of repetitions completed within 30 s. Upper-limb muscle strength was assessed with the arm curl test, in which participants performed as many repetitions as possible in 30 s using a 3-pound dumbbell. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the 2-min step test, which records the number of knee raises performed to the required height, corresponding approximately to 70° of hip flexion. Lower-body flexibility was assessed with the chair sit-and-reach test and expressed in centimeters. Upper-body flexibility was evaluated using the back scratch test, also reported in centimeters. Agility and dynamic balance were assessed using the timed up-and-go test, in which participants walked around a cone placed 8 feet (2.44 m) away, with performance recorded in seconds.
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Universidad Católica del Maule
Lead sponsor
University of Talca
Collaborator
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