This exploratory randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the immediate and long-term effects of exercise on sleep quality, emotional problems, executive function, and neurophysiological characteristics in college students with depressive symptoms. The study consists of two sequential phases: an acute exercise experiment followed by an 8-week exercise intervention. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an exercise intervention group or a control group. Psychological questionnaires, behavioral tasks, resting-state electroencephalography (EEG), brain functional connectivity, and event-related potentials (ERP) will be assessed to evaluate behavioral and neurophysiological changes before and after exercise. The study will further examine whether the immediate response to acute exercise predicts the effectiveness of the long-term intervention.
• Aged 18-23 years.
Right-handed.
Non-physical education major.
No history of psychiatric disorders and no current or previous use of psychotropic medications, hypnotics, or other medications affecting the central nervous system.
Vigorous physical exercise, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, or other stimulating behaviors within 24 hours before testing.
Withdrawal from the study before completion of EEG recording or behavioral task assessments.
Participants will be excluded from the final analysis if they fail to complete the required questionnaires or if the collected data do not meet predefined quality control criteria.
Parallel
Archery Exercise
BehavioralParticipants perform a standardized archery exercise program consisting of an acute exercise session followed by an 8-week supervised training program. The acute session includes a 5-minute warm-up, 20 minutes of archery exercise, and a 5-minute cool-down. The long-term intervention is conducted three times per week for 8 weeks at moderate exercise intensity.
Non-exercise Control
BehavioralParticipants continue their usual daily activities without participating in the archery exercise intervention.
Depressive symptoms measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
Depressive symptoms will be assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Changes in depressive symptom severity following acute and long-term archery exercise interventions will be evaluated.
Sleep quality measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
Sleep quality will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Changes in sleep quality after acute and long-term archery exercise interventions will be evaluated.
Resting-state EEG functional connectivity
Resting-state EEG functional connectivity will be analyzed using phase synchronization metrics to evaluate neural changes associated with archery exercise interventions.
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