This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate whether 12 weeks of isometric wall squat (IWS) exercise can improve blood pressure control and blood pressure variability in adults with essential hypertension. Blood pressure changes during daily activities and sleep will be assessed using a ring-type continuous blood pressure monitoring device (CART BP). The primary outcome is the change in 24-hour mean systolic blood pressure after 12 weeks compared with standard hypertension care.
Adult men and women aged 19 years or older
Patients diagnosed with essential hypertension and undergoing outpatient follow-up
Subjects whose antihypertensive medication has been stably maintained for at least 4 weeks prior to enrollment
Clinic blood pressure of systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥80 mmHg.
Participants with unstable angina or a diagnosis of myocardial infarction or stroke within the past 6 months.
Participants diagnosed with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III-IV heart failure, severe valvular heart disease, or severe arrhythmia.
Participants with severe knee, hip, or spinal disorders that prevent them from performing wall squats.
Participants with severe renal or hepatic disease or severe cognitive impairment.
Parallel
Isometric Wall Squat (IWS) Exercise
BehavioralParticipants perform home-based isometric wall squat (IWS) exercise three times per week for 12 weeks. Each session consists of four sets of up to 2 minutes, with 2-minute rest periods between sets. The target knee angle is individualized based on the baseline incremental IWS test. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion are monitored during exercise.
Standard Hypertension Care
Other interventionParticipants receive standard hypertension care, including their current antihypertensive medication and lifestyle education based on hypertension guidelines. No structured isometric exercise program is provided during the intervention period.
Change in 24-hour mean systolic blood pressure
Change in 24-hour mean systolic blood pressure measured using a ring-type continuous blood pressure monitoring device (CART BP).
Change in 24-hour mean diastolic blood pressure
Change in 24-hour mean diastolic blood pressure measured using a ring-type continuous blood pressure monitoring device (CART BP).
Change in office systolic blood pressure
Change in office systolic blood pressure to evaluate ambulatory versus office blood pressure reduction.
Change in office diastolic blood pressure
Change in office diastolic blood pressure to evaluate ambulatory versus office blood pressure reduction.
Change in mean daytime systolic blood pressure
Change in mean daytime systolic blood pressure measured using CART BP.
Change in mean daytime diastolic blood pressure
Change in mean daytime diastolic blood pressure measured using CART BP.
Change in mean nighttime systolic blood pressure
Change in mean nighttime systolic blood pressure measured using CART BP.
Change in mean nighttime diastolic blood pressure
Change in mean nighttime diastolic blood pressure measured using CART BP.
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