This study will investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, physical fatigue, and muscle strength in adolescent basketball players. A total of 36 healthy male adolescent basketball players aged 10-18 years will be included in the study and divided into two groups using stratified randomization: a flywheel exercise group (n=18) and a traditional strength training group (n=18).
Athletic skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing test, dribbling test, shooting test), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Shooting Performance Index (FAPI). Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen meter. Physical fatigue level will be determined using the Modified Borg Scale. Upper extremity muscle strength will be assessed using a Kinvent hand dynamometer and the Seated Single Arm Ball Throw Test. The flywheel group will undergo eccentric weight flywheel exercises three times a week for eight weeks. The traditional strength training group will follow a strength training program using dumbbells for the same duration and frequency. All assessments will be conducted before and after the training program.
Volunteer male basketball players aged 10-18 who have played basketball for at least one year,
Who have regularly attended training sessions for the past 6 months,
Who do not have an injury that would restrict their participation in training will be included in the study.
Those who have undergone upper extremity surgery within the last year
Those with neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, or metabolic diseases (e.g., epilepsy, heart disease, asthma, diabetes, etc.)
Those who have sustained any upper extremity musculoskeletal injury within the last year
Parallel
Flywheel Exercises
Other interventionParticipants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity eccentric resistance exercises using the flywheel device, 3 sessions per week, with progressive load increase over time.
Traditional Resistance Training
Other interventionParticipants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity resistance exercises using dumbbells, 3 sessions per week, with individualized progressive load based on 1 repetition maximum (1RM).
Basketball-Specific Skill Performance
Basketball-specific skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing, dribbling, and shooting tests), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Throwing Performance Index (FTPI). Higher scores indicate better basketball-specific skill performance."
Muscle Oxygenation
Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen monitor placed over the biceps brachii muscle during basketball-specific performance tasks. Higher oxygen saturation percentages indicate better muscle oxygenation.
Physical Fatigue
Perceived physical fatigue will be assessed using the Modified Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale, which ranges from 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (maximal fatigue). Higher scores indicate greater perceived physical fatigue.
Upper Extremity Isometric Muscle Strength
Upper extremity isometric muscle strength will be assessed using a Kinvent handheld dynamometer. Measurements will include shoulder and elbow muscles. Strength will be recorded in kilograms or Newtons. Higher values indicate greater isometric strength.
Upper Extremity Explosive Strength
Upper extremity explosive strength will be evaluated using the Seated Single-Arm Medicine Ball Throw Test. Participants throw a medicine ball as far as possible from a seated position. Distance of the throw will be recorded in centimeters. Higher values indicate greater explosive strength.
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