EMPOWER aims to determine the overall effect of menopause and sleep disruption on cardiac remodeling in women with type 2 diabetes.
Female Sex
Age range 48-58 years
In menopausal transition phase (pre-menopause or peri-menopause)
Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Male Sex
Currently Pregnant
Prior history of total hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy
The study population will be selected from patients at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, and from within the Ottawa and surrounding area community.
Cohort
Prospective
4 years of clinical evaluations.
Other interventionThe intervention in this study is the additional clinical evaluations for women with type 2 DM and in perimenopause.
Reduced septal e' velocity
Indicates impaired relaxation of the left ventricle during early diastole; key marker for diastolic dysfunction. Measured by echocardiography.
Increased E/e' ratio
Indicates elevated left ventricular filling pressure; key marker for diastolic dysfunction. Measured by echocardiography.
Increased tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity
Indicates elevated right ventricular systolic pressure or pulmonary hypertension. Measured by echocardiography.
Change in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP)
Measures the pressure in the pulmonary artery when the heart beats. Measured by echocardiography.
Decline in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS)
Detects heart muscle dysfunction. Measured by echocardiography.
Decline in left atrial strain
Indicates left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and atrial fibrillation. Measured by echocardiography.
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