This study aimed to determine whether cervical spinal cord epidural electrical stimulation (EES) can activate upper-limb muscles in individuals with spinal cord injury.
Age between 18 and 70 years.
Duration since spinal cord injury ranging from 1 to 10 years.
Spinal cord injury level at or above T4.
MRI and/or CT imaging confirms adequate spinal cord decompression and spinal stability.
Patients with untreated fractures of the upper extremities.
Patients with severe skin lesions or wounds that interfere with EMG electrode placement or the surgical sites for electrical stimulation implantation (e.g., chest/back, upper extremities, posterior cervical region, or subclavicular area).
Patients with a history of other neurological diseases.
Patients with known allergy or hypersensitivity to silver (Ag).