The goal of this observational study is to learn about the feasibility and safety evaluation of endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices in cirrhosis on the day-care ward. The main question it aims to answer is:
Is inpatient endoscopic treatment on day wards also feasible and safe for patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding in cirrhosis when compared to inpatient endoscopy on a general ward? Participants undergoing inpatient endoscopic treatment for cirrhotic esophagogastric variceal bleeding on day wards and general wards will answer online survey questions about their postoperative period over a 1-year period.
aged 18-75 years;
diagnosis of cirrhosis and portal hypertension by clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, imaging tests and histologic examinations;
gastroscopic grading of esophagogastric varices as moderate or severe;
no ruptured esophagogastric varices bleeding in the last 5 days;
first endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices;
this is an acute esophagogastric variceal rupture and bleeding;
previous TIPS or liver transplantation;
isolated fundal varices or ectopic varices;
Study site: Digestive endoscopy day ward and general ward of the Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China. Study subjects: study participants who had undergone reendoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices in cirrhosis.
Cohort
Prospective
Not listed
Variceal rebleeding rate at 1-year follow-up after enrollment
Rebleeding was defined as the development of black stool or vomited blood after endoscopic treatment in study participants, which was confirmed by endoscopy to be caused by bleeding from esophagogastric varices or to exclude other lesions that could have caused the bleeding. Rebleeding included very early rebleeding and early rebleeding, with rebleeding occurring within 5 days of successful hemostasis with endoscopic treatment defined as very early rebleeding, rebleeding occurring between 5 and 42 days after endoscopic treatment defined as early rebleeding, and rebleeding within 4 hours of endoscopic treatment defined as treatment failure. Once rebleeding occurs, study participants will be treated immediately with either pharmacologic hemostasis or reendoscopic hemostasis.
Varicose vein recurrence rate within 1 year of follow-up after enrollment
Definition: Recurrence is defined as the reappearance or worsening of esophageal or gastric varices confirmed by endoscopic examination, meeting one of the following criteria: Newly detected varices (≥ Grade 1 based on the Sarin classification or equivalent grading system). Progression of existing varices (e.g., increase in size, red wale marks, or high-risk stigmata such as cherry-red spots or hematocystic spots). Rebleeding events attributable to recurrent varices during follow-up. Assessment Methods: Scheduled endoscopic evaluations at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-enrollment. Additional unscheduled endoscopy if clinical symptoms (e.g., hematemesis, melena) suggest potential rebleeding. Data Collection: Endoscopic images and reports will be independently reviewed by two blinded gastroenterologists to ensure consistency. Time to recurrence (days from enrollment to recurrence) and recurrence severity (grade/stigmata) will be recorded.
Mortality Rate Within 1 Year of Follow-Up After Enrollment
Definition: All-cause mortality within 1 year post-enrollment, including: Deaths directly related to variceal rebleeding (e.g., hemorrhagic shock, multiorgan failure secondary to bleeding). Deaths from liver disease complications (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome). Non-liver-related deaths (e.g., cardiovascular events, infections). Assessment Methods: Continuous follow-up via hospital records, outpatient visits, or telephone interviews at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Cause of death will be determined by clinical documentation or autopsy reports (if available). Data Collection: Date and cause of death will be documented, with adjudication by an independent endpoint committee to minimize bias.
Incidence of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) Within 1 Year of Follow-Up After Enrollment
Definition: Overt HE is defined as clinically apparent neuropsychiatric impairment graded ≥ Stage 1 according to the West Haven criteria, including: Stage 1: Mild confusion, euphoria, or irritability; impaired attention; altered sleep rhythm. Stage 2: Lethargy, disorientation, personality changes, asterixis. Stage 3: Somnolence to stupor, marked confusion, incoherent speech. Stage 4: Coma. Episodes must be documented by a clinician and require intervention (e.g., lactulose, rifaximin, hospitalization). Assessment Methods: Regular follow-ups at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-enrollment, including: Clinical evaluation for HE symptoms (e.g., mental status, asterixis). Patient/caregiver-reported symptoms (e.g., sleep disturbances, confusion). Laboratory tests (e.g., ammonia levels, if clinically indicated). Data Collection: HE episodes will be recorded with details on severity (stage), duration, triggering factors (e.g., infections, constipation), and treatment interventions.
Hospitalization Duration
Definitions: Total Hospitalization Days: Cumulative inpatient days from enrollment to 1 year, including all admissions (e.g., rebleeding, HE, infections). Post-Endotherapy Hospitalization Days: Length of stay (LOS) specifically after each endoscopic treatment session. Assessment Methods: Extracted from electronic medical records for all hospitalizations during follow-up. Differentiate between planned admissions (e.g., scheduled endotherapy) and unplanned admissions (e.g., rebleeding). Data Collection: Document reasons for hospitalization, LOS, and ICU stays (if applicable). Standardized reporting to minimize variability (e.g., exclude days unrelated to liver disease).
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