This cross-sectional observational study aims to quantitatively compare three-dimensional gait parameters, surface electromyography (EMG) patterns, and radiological parameters among patients with different degenerative spinal conditions-including lumbar disc herniation (LDH), lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), lumbar sagittal imbalance (LSI), degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS), and cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)-alongside a healthy control group. The analysis focuses on spatiotemporal gait characteristics (step length, stride length, cadence), lower limb kinematics and kinetics (hip/knee/ankle joint angles, moments, and powers during stance and swing phases), and surface EMG amplitudes (thoracic erector spinae, multifidus, gluteus maximus, and rectus abdominis muscles) during standardized walking tasks. Additionally, radiological parameters (e.g., pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch, C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis, coronal Cobb angle) will be correlated with gait and muscle activation deviations. The study employs motion capture systems, force plates, and high-density EMG to objectively differentiate disease-specific movement impairments. Findings from this study may establish biomechanical and neuromuscular signatures for each degenerative condition, providing a framework for personalized rehabilitation strategies, gait retraining, and surgical outcome assessment in spinal disorders. Comparative analysis with healthy controls will further elucidate pathological alterations in gait and muscle recruitment patterns caused by degenerative spinal diseases.
Patients with the following single disease: degenerative scoliosis, coronal imbalance, lumbar spinal stenosis, lumbar disc herniation, spinal cord-type cervical spondylosis;
Age ≥ 60 years, regardless of gender;
Planned to undergo elective open spinal fusion surgery;
Voluntarily participate in the study, understand and agree to the study content, and sign the informed consent form.
History of previous spinal surgery;
Combined with other neuromuscular diseases (such as Parkinson's disease), inflammatory diseases (such as ankylosing spondylitis), infectious diseases (such as spinal tuberculosis), sepsis, tumors, or lower limb joint diseases that may cause low back and lower limb pain, affecting physical activity;
Suffering from severe cardiovascular, cerebral, liver, or kidney disease;
Suffering from mental illness, dementia, or unable to cooperate to complete clinical research.
This study included patients who required surgical treatment at the Spine Research Center for the Elderly at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University in Beijing, China, as well as healthy volunteers collected in the outpatient clinic.
Case-control
Cross-sectional
Gait analysis and surface electromyography analysis
Other interventionA comprehensive motion analysis system was employed to assess biomechanical parameters during functional tasks. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were measured using an instrumented force plate, while muscle activation patterns were recorded via surface electromyography (sEMG). Three-dimensional kinematic data were concurrently captured using motion-capture cameras. The standardized testing protocol consisted of: (1) quiet standing (30-second trial) and (2) three consecutive back-and-forth walking cycles (5-meter walkway), enabling the quantification of both static postural control and dynamic gait characteristics.
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Treatment groupsSee each treatment group below.
Velocity
velocity refers to the distance traveled by the human body per unit time during walking and is one of the core parameters for evaluating dynamic gait characteristics.
Cadence
Cadence is one of the core spatiotemporal parameters in three-dimensional gait analysis, referring to the number of steps per minute (Steps Per Minute, SPM), which reflects walking rhythm and movement efficiency.
Stride time
In three-dimensional gait analysis, stride time refers to the time interval between two consecutive initial contacts of the same heel, representing the duration required to complete a full stride (unit: seconds). Its calculation encompasses both the stance phase and swing phase of a single lower limb, making it one of the core temporal parameters of the gait cycle.
Stance time
Stance Time is one of the key spatiotemporal parameters in gait analysis, referring to the period from the initial contact of a single foot with the ground to its complete toe-off. It reflects the weight-bearing and stability performance of the lower limb during the walking cycle.
Visual Analogue Scale
VAS assessment uses a straight line or ruler about 10 centimeters long, with one end marked as 0 and the other as 10. 0 represents no pain, and 10 represents the most severe pain. The patient marks a point on the line according to their pain perception, and this point represents the patient's pain intensity.
Oswestry disability index
The validated ODI is a self-administered questionnaire for evaluating back-specific functional disability, consisting of 10 items with scores from 0 to 5, and higher ODI indicates more severe disability.
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