Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common disorders which occured during pregnancy. GDM is not only associated with short-term maternal and fetal adverse outcomes, but also related to a wide range of long-term consequences for both mother and child. The GDM and Its Consequences for mothers and offsprings (GDMCMO) aims to establish a cohort to follow both maternal and offsprings'short-term and long-term outcomes, including fetal malformations including congenital heart diseases, birth weight, preterm birth, caesarean section delivery, body growth and neurodevelopment after birth, obesity, type 2 diabetes and impaired insulin sensitivity and secretion, lung health and allergic diseases later in life for offspring, as well as future type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors for mother after delivery. Biological samples including blood and tissue samples of mothers and children are also collected during pregnancy and after delivery.
Pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus
Pregnant women intended to eventually deliver in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center
Permanent residents or families intended to remain in Guangzhou with their child for no less than 3 years
Women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus
Women with chronic hypertension or kidney disease
Women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and their offsrpings
Cohort
Prospective
Change of obesity status during childhood and adolescence
Weight in kilograms and height in meters were measured by nurses in clinic using standard tools. Weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m\^2. Childhood obesity is defined as a BMI equal to or larger than the 95th percentile for age by sex based on WHO Child Growth Standards.
Number of participants with adverse pregnancy outcomes
Including abortion, stillbirth, live birth, macrosomia, preterm birth, low birth weight, caesarean section delivery, and birth defects.
Change of type 2 diabetes status in mothers
Assessed by testing concentrations of maternal blood glucose.
Change of body composition of mothers
Assessed body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
Change of depression symptom of mothers
Using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Self-rating Depression Scale to assess maternal depression. Higher score is considered more depressive.
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