Health, Fitness, and Safety Knowledge as Determinants of Adverse Events in Recreational Divers in Poland
Trial statusNot yet recruiting
Trial phaseNot listed
Trial typeObservational
Biological sexAll
Age18+
SponsorMedical University of Bialystok
About this trial
This cross-sectional online survey study assesses health status, physical fitness, and safety knowledge as potential determinants of diving-related adverse events among recreational divers in Poland. Recreational diving exposes participants to specific hazards, including decompression sickness (DCS) and barotrauma of the middle ear, sinuses, and lungs. To date, no Polish study has simultaneously evaluated health, physical fitness, theoretical safety knowledge, and the occurrence of adverse events in this population. Adult divers (18 years or older) who completed at least one dive in the past 24 months and reside in Poland complete an anonymous online questionnaire (about 12 to 18 minutes). Physical fitness is estimated as VO2max using the University of Houston Non-Exercise Test (physical activity rating, age, BMI, and sex). Knowledge of DCS, barotrauma, and safe-diving rules is tested at three difficulty levels. The questionnaire also captures diving exposure, certification level, chronic health conditions, and risky behaviours (smoking, alcohol use, and diving beyond certification). The primary endpoint is the proportion of divers reporting at least one diving-related adverse event. Associations with certification level, estimated VO2max, BMI, and other factors are analysed using multivariable logistic regression. The study is non-interventional, anonymous, and carries minimal risk; no clinical procedures or biological sampling are involved.
Eligibility criteria
This trial accepts healthy volunteersQualifiers
Age 18 years or older
At least one dive within the past 24 months
Provision of informed consent (checkbox in the survey)
Residence in Poland (self-declared)
Disqualifiers
Age under 18 years
No dive within the past 24 months
No consent to participate
Incomplete completion of survey sections A-C (eligibility, demographics, diving exposure)
Trial population
Adult recreational divers residing in Poland who completed at least one dive in the past 24 months, recruited online (convenience sampling) via diving organizations (KDP/CMAS-PTTK, PADI, SSI, IANTD, RAID), dive centers, and themed social-media communities.
Trial design
Design model
Cohort
Time perspective
Cross-sectional
Treatments tested in this trial
Anonymous online questionnaire
Other interventionAnonymous online questionnaire completed once by each participant (about 12 to 18 minutes). It captures demographic data, diving exposure and certification level, chronic health conditions, risky behaviours, estimated VO2max (University of Houston Non-Exercise Test), and a diving-safety knowledge test. No clinical procedures or biological sampling are involved; this is the observational data-collection instrument for the cohort.
Treatment groups
384 Participants
are divided into 1 treatment groupGroup A: Recreational divers1 intervention
Trial outcomes
Primary outcomes
1
Prevalence of diving-related adverse events
Proportion of divers reporting at least one diving-related adverse event (barotrauma symptoms, decompression sickness symptoms, or other post-dive health problems) occurring at any time during the participant's diving history up to enrollment (lifetime recall). Reported as a percentage with 95% confidence interval.
Time frame
At enrollment (Day 1; single cross-sectional assessment)Secondary outcomes
1
Estimated VO2max (University of Houston Non-Exercise Test)
Estimated maximal oxygen uptake (mL/kg/min) calculated from the University of Houston Non-Exercise Test (physical activity rating, age, BMI, and sex), summarized as mean with standard deviation and as median with quartiles, stratified by sex and age.
Time frame
At enrollment (Day 1; single cross-sectional assessment)2
Diving safety knowledge score
Percentage of correct answers on the diving-hazard knowledge test (decompression sickness, barotrauma, and safe-diving rules), reported overall and at three difficulty levels: basic, advanced, and emergency-medical.
Time frame
At enrollment (Day 1; single cross-sectional assessment)3
Frequency of risky behaviours
Proportion of divers reporting risky behaviours: tobacco use, alcohol use before diving, diving under the influence of alcohol or other substances, and diving beyond their certification level.
Time frame
At enrollment (Day 1; single cross-sectional assessment)4
Adjusted odds ratios for diving-related adverse events
Adjusted odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for the occurrence of at least one diving-related adverse event, estimated by multivariable logistic regression, for certification level, estimated VO2max, BMI, and selected risk factors from the DAN DSL 2024 dataset (e.g., sex, thermal comfort, pre-dive physical activity).
Time frame
At enrollment (Day 1; single cross-sectional assessment)Sponsors and contacts
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Source ClinicalTrials.gov
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