Hold me Tight/Let me Go: Effectiveness of a Course to Enhance Parent-adolescent Relationship

Change in relationship satisfaction (CSI-4)

Positive change in relationship satisfaction of partners and adolescents (partners will report about their partner relationship, and parents and adolescents report about the parent-adolescent relationship). Satisfaction with the partner relationship of the parents, and the parent-adolescent relationship will be assessed with the 4 item Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI-4; Funk \& Rogge, 2007). Funk, J. L., \& Rogge, R. D. (2007). Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), 572-583. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572

Change in negative patterns (RDS)

Negative change in negative patterns of partners and parents (partners will report about their partner relationship and parents and adolescents report about the parent-adolescent relationship). Negative patterns between the parents as partners and between parents and adolescent will be measured by the Relationship Dynamics Scale (RDS; Stanley et al., 2006) a four item self-report questionnaire. An example item is: 'When we argue, one of us withdraws, that is, does not want to talk about it anymore or leaves the scene.' Stanley, S. M., Amato, P. R., Johnson, C. A., \& Markman, H. J. (2006). Premarital education, marital quality, and marital stability: Findings from a large, random household survey. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.117

Adolescents psychological need fulfillment (BPNS-9)

Increase in psychological need fulfillment of adolescents (adolescents will report about themselves). Need fulfillment in the context of the parent-adolescent relationships will be measured with the 9 item Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Relationships scale (BPNS-R). The adolescent version is based on the partner version (La Guardia, Ryan, Couchman, \& Deci, 2000) and inspired in its wording by the Flemish version (Van der Kaap-Deeder et., 2020). La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., \& Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367-384. http://doi.org/dhghf4 Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Soenens, B., Ryan, R. M., \& Vansteenkiste, M. (2020). Manual of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS). Ghent University, Belgium.

Adolescents support seeking to parent (IERQ-3)

Increase in support seeking behavior of partners and adolescents (parents will report about their partner relationship and adolescents about the parent-adolescent relationship). Support seeking will be measured with a slightly adapted version of the Soothing subscale of the Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ; Hofman et al., 2016). We shortened the original version from five to three items and adapted the wording from referring to 'others' into the partner or one of the parents. Hofmann, S. G., Carpenter, J. K., \& Curtiss, J. (2016). Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ): Scale development and psychometric characteristics. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9756-2

Adolescents quality of life (KIDSCREEN-10)

Increase in quality of life of adolescents (parents and adolescent will report about adolescent). Quality of life in terms of physical, mental, and social well-being will be determined by both the official parental and adolescent versions of the KIDSCREEN-10 (Ravens-Sieberer, 2006). Ravens-Sieberer, U. The Kidscreen Questionnaires: Quality of Life Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents; handbook; Pabst Science Publ.: Lengerich, Germany, 2006.

Perceived ARE from parent to adolescent (BARE-6)

Increase in the accessibility and responsiveness of partners and parents (partners will report about their partner and adolescents and parents about the parent). Accessibility and responsiveness to the partner's and adolescent's needs will be assessed with the 6 item Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness and Engagement scale (BARE: Sandberg et al., 2012). Sandberg, J. G., Busby, D. M., Johnson, S. M., \& Yoshida, K. (2012). The Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, and Engagement (BARE) Scale: A tool for measuring attachment behavior in couple relationships. Family Process, 51(4), 512-526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2012.01422.x

Attachment

Attachment (partners will report about their relationship with the partner, adolescents about the relationship with the parent). Attachment will be assessed with the Experiences in Close Relationships -Relationship Structures questionnaire in the official partner and parent-adolescent versions (ECR-RS; Fraley et al., 2011). Its nine items measure Anxiety about Rejection and Avoidance of Intimacy. Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., \& Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The experiences in close relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological assessment, 23(3), 615. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022898

Emotional clarity (understanding own emotions)

Emotional Clarity (parent and adolescents will report about themselves). Emotional clarity will be measured with 5 items of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Roemer \& Gratz, 2003). It measures Clarity, or understanding of own emotions.

Validation of emotions

Validation of emotions (parents and adolescent report about the parent). Validation of the adolescent by the parent will be measured with the Interpersonal Regulation Interaction Scale (IRIS; Swerdlow \& Johnson, 2022). We shortened the original version from ten to five items and referred to one of the parents. Swerdlow, B. A., \& Johnson, S. L. (2022). The Interpersonal Regulation Interaction Scale (IRIS): A multistudy investigation of receivers' retrospective evaluations of interpersonal emotion regulation interactions. Emotion, 22(6), 1119-1136. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000927

Apologizing and repair

Apologizing (parents and adolescent report about the parent). Apologizing of the parent to the adolescent will be measured with a self-constructed questionnaire based on the Proclivity to Apologize measure (PAM; Howell et al., 2011) and questions formulated by Bachman and Guerrero (2006). Bachman, G. F., \& Guerrero, L. K. (2006). Fogiveness, Apology, and Communicative Responses to Hurtful Events. Communication Reports, 19(1-2), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210600586357 Howell, A. J., Dopko, R. L., Turowski, J. B., \& Buro, K. (2011). The disposition to apologize. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(4), 509-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.009