The goal of this study is to determine whether playing a virtual reality (VR) game can help neurodivergent children pay attention for extended periods. The study includes children ages 9 to 18 who have autism, ADHD, learning differences, or movement coordination challenges. The program lasts for 6 weeks. During this period, children will play a VR game twice per week, with each session lasting 25 minutes.
Clinical diagnosis of ASD, ADHD, SLD, or DCD confirmed by a licensed clinician or documented in medical/educational records (DSM-5 or equivalent).
Parent/guardian consent and participant assent (age-appropriate).
Ability to follow simple verbal instructions and to participate in 25-minute VR sessions twice weekly for 6 weeks.
Stable medication regimen for attention- or behavior-related medications for ≥4 weeks prior to baseline (or not taking such medications).
History of photosensitive epilepsy or any uncontrolled seizure disorder.
Severe intellectual disability or severe communication impairment that prevents understanding/participation (e.g., non-responsive to simple commands required by the VR tasks).
Severe visual, auditory, or motor impairment that prevents safe or functional use of the VR system (e.g., inability to hold controllers or view the headset even with correction).
Recent (within 6 months) significant brain injury or neurosurgery. Significant history of motion sickness, severe vestibular disorder, or prior intolerance to immersive VR.
Single group
Virtual Reality
BehavioralParticipants will engage in an immersive virtual reality (VR) game intervention designed to improve visual attention skills. The intervention employs a VR game called Electrical Maze, which requires players to maintain sustained visual attention and respond to game challenges that develop focus and inhibitory control. Each participant will complete scheduled VR gaming sessions that target attentional skill development. During the sessions, children interact with the Electrical Maze game, which presents visual tasks that require them to identify and respond to specific visual cues while inhibiting responses to non-target stimuli.
RightEye Assessment:
The RightEye system uses an infrared camera-based sensor bar attached to a monitor to objectively measure and analyze eye movements in real-time. It quantifies changes in attention-related oculomotor functions, including saccadic accuracy, smooth pursuit, reaction time, distractibility, and sustained attention. These metrics provide objective biomarkers for inattention and impulsivity, supporting occupational therapy goals of enhancing visual-motor integration, executive function, and participation in daily activities like reading or classroom engagement.
Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA)
The TOVA objectively measures sustained attention and inhibitory control via responses to visual stimuli (targets vs. non-targets). In this study, the visual TOVA will assess pre- and post-VR changes in attention in children with neurodevelopmental conditions, targeting omission errors, commission errors, response time, and response time variability.
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