The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if Floss Band application works as effectively as mobilization with movement (MWM) to improve shoulder mobility in volleyball athletes. It will also explore whether these techniques affect athletes' perception of movement fluency and sport-specific performance.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does Floss Band application immediately improve shoulder range of motion in volleyball athletes? Does Floss Band application change the perception of movement fluency compared to MWM? Does Floss Band application impact sport-specific performance tests compared to MWM?
Participants will:
Be randomly assigned to receive either Floss Band or mobilization with movement Have their shoulder mobility, perception of movement, and sport performance tested before and immediately after the intervention
Age between 18 and 50 years.
Male or female volleyball athletes (indoor or beach), at amateur or professional level.
Regular training routine of at least two sessions per week.
No shoulder pain at the time of testing or during the previous three months.
History of shoulder surgery, structural shoulder injuries (e.g., fractures, labrum tear), or recurrent glenohumeral dislocation.
Skin disorders contraindicating the intervention, including active dermatitis, inflammatory-phase psoriasis, cutaneous infections (e.g., folliculitis), open wounds, burns, eczema, or hypersensitivity in the shoulder region.
Vascular disorders contraindicating the intervention, including history or diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis, symptomatic varicose veins, peripheral arterial disease, lymphedema, or advanced chronic venous insufficiency.
Other conditions contraindicating intervention: peripheral neuropathies with significant sensory loss, presence of a pacemaker in the region of band application, known allergy to elastic band material, or pain during shoulder movement at assessment.
Parallel
Floss Band Group (FBG)
DeviceParticipants in this arm will perform the standardized Floss Band (FBG) protocol. While seated with the shoulder at 90° abduction, the researcher will apply a compressive elastic band made of 100% polymer gel (T.P.E), measuring 210 cm in length, 5 cm in width, and 1.3 mm in thickness. The first anchor is placed two fingers medial to the acromion, and the band is wrapped around the shoulder until the second anchor at the end of the band is fixed. After the application, the participant will perform sport-specific movements (spike and serve) for 2 minutes. Following the completion of the compression period, the band will be removed. Assessments will be conducted at baseline and immediately post-intervention, including shoulder range of motion using a digital inclinometer, perception of movement fluency using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and sport-specific performance tests (One-arm Seated Shot Put Test and Functional Throwing Performance Index).
Mobilization with Movement (MWM) Group
Other interventionParticipants in this arm will perform the standardized Mobilization with Movement (MWM) protocol. While seated in a chair with back support and hips, knees, and ankles at 90° flexion, the researcher will stabilize the scapula with one hand and apply a posterolateral glide to the anterior humeral head with the other hand during active shoulder elevation in the scapular plane. The intervention consists of 3 sets of 10 repetitions, with a 1-minute rest interval between sets. Assessments will be conducted at baseline and immediately post-intervention, including shoulder range of motion using a digital inclinometer, perception of movement fluency using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and sport-specific performance tests (One-arm Seated Shot Put Test and Functional Throwing Performance Index).
Shoulder Range of Motion - External Rotation
Glenohumeral external rotation (dominant shoulder) will be measured using the Baseline® Digital Inclinometer. The participant will lie in the supine position with the shoulder abducted to 90°, elbow flexed to 90°, and forearm in neutral. The inclinometer will be placed on the anterior mid-forearm, and the participant will perform active external rotation. Three measurements will be taken, and the mean value will be calculated for analysis.
Shoulder Range of Motion - Internal Rotation, Flexion, Abduction, Horizontal Abduction
Internal rotation: same supine position, inclinometer on posterior mid-forearm. Flexion and abduction: seated with hips, knees, and ankles at 90° flexion; inclinometer on anterior humerus for flexion, lateral mid-humerus for abduction. Horizontal abduction: supine, shoulder 90° abduction, 90° external rotation, elbow 90° flexion; inclinometer on anterior mid-humerus. Three measurements per movement will be recorded and averaged.
Functional Performance - One-arm Seated Single Arm Shot Put Test (OSP)
Participants will be seated with back against a wall, knees flexed, feet on the floor. The non-tested arm will be positioned on the chest or alongside the body. Participants will throw a 3kg medicine ball overhead, simulating a spike/serve, over a 10 m marked distance. Two submaximal familiarization trials will be performed, followed by three attempts with 1-minute rest intervals. The mean distance of the three attempts will be calculated.
Functional Throwing Performance Index (FTPI)
Participants will stand 4.6 meters from a 30.5 × 30.5 cm target on a wall at 1.22 m height. Using a rubber ball (\~50.8 cm circumference), participants will throw toward the target, catch the rebound, and repeat for three 30-second trials. Eight warm-up throws will be performed prior. FTPI = number of successful hits ÷ total throws.
Perceived Movement Fluency (VAS)
Participants will rate their subjective perception of shoulder movement fluency during spike/serve on a 10 cm visual analogue scale (0 = "stiff/irregular movement," 10 = "completely fluid/smooth"). The distance from the left end of the line to the participant's mark will be recorded as the final score.
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