The goal of this observational study is to assess the impact of imaging modality (trans-thoracic echo (TTE) vs trans-esophageal echo (TEE)), anesthesia and positive pressure ventilation on the grading of aortic insufficiency.
Patients scheduled for cardiac surgery and in whom a TEE is going to be performed intra-operatively will be enrolled. The grading of the aortic insufficiency will be compared between a TTE performed immediately before the induction of general anesthesia end the TEE performed after induction of general anesthesia.
Known aortic regurgitation of any grade
Scheduled for a cardiac surgery procedure during which a trans-esophageal echo is planned.
Non sinus rhythm
Mitral regurgitation more than mild.
Pre-operative critical state (according to the definition of the EuroSCORE II)
Presence of a prosthetic aortic valve
Adult patients scheduled for cardiac surgery at the "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège" with any grade of known preoperative aortic regurgitation.
Cohort
Prospective
Not listed
Concordance between the grade of aortic regurgitation on pre-operative TTE and intra-operative TEE
The preoperative TTE will be performed immediately before anesthesia induction. The intra-operative TEE will be performed after anesthesia induction. Five measurements will be used to grade the aortic regurgitation including three major (vena contracta, ration between the width of the aortic regurgitation and the left ventricular outflow tract, and the pressure half time) and two minor (diastolic flow reversal in descending aorta and effective regurgitation orifice area assessed by the proximal isovelocity surface area method). The images required to perform these measurements will be acquired three times on non contiguous cardiac cycles at end-expiration. The measurements will be performed offline, by two independent echocardiographers. Each of them will provide a mean for each measurement. The two means will be averaged for each criteria.
Concordance between the grade of aortic regurgitation based on the pre-operative trans-thoracic echo and a trans-thoracic echo repeated immediately after induction of anesthesia.
The aortic regurgitation will be graded similarly as described for the primary outcome.
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