Impact of Leisure Activities on Quality of Life in Low Back Pain

Spearman rank correlation between leisure activity level assessed by Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire and quality of life assessed by Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29 (PROMIS-29)

Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire

A 30-item, self-report assessment tool primarily designed to measure leisure activity participation in adults, particularly stroke survivors, but also used for other populations. It evaluates the frequency of various social and solitary activities (indoor/outdoor) over the previous few weeks using a 3-point scale: 0 (never), 1 (occasionally), and 2 (regularly). The total score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 60. Higher scores mean engaging more regularly in leisure practice.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29 (PROMIS-29)

A, 29-question, patient-reported survey measuring health-related quality of life across seven core domains: physical function, fatigue, pain interference, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and social roles. Developed by the NIH, it includes a 0-10 pain intensity item and four questions per domain. Scores are transformed in a T-score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, based on a reference population (typically the U.S. general population or a specific clinical group). A T-score above 50 indicates a better outcome than average.

Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ)

A 5-item clinical tool designed to assess physical activity among populations at high risk of sedentary behaviour.T he Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ) is scored by calculating the average daily time (in hours or minutes) spent on five categories over the past week: time in bed, sedentary behavior, walking, structured exercise, and incidental activity. These five components should sum to approximately 24 hours per day, which provides a check for reporting accuracy. Time spent on physical activity is calculated by summing walking and structured exercise. The lowest score is 0 hours and the highest 24 hours. Higher scores means more time spent exercising.

Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS-28)

This scale assesses people's motivation for engaging in their leisure activities. It assesses 7 types of motivation : intrinsic motivation toward knowledge, accomplishment and stimulation, as well as external, introjected and identified regulations and amotivation. It contains 28 items (4 items for each of the 7 sub-scales) assessed on a 7-point scale. Scores for each subscale are summed to determine which motivations (e.g., intellectual, social, competence, stimulus-avoidance) drive the behavior (ranging from 4 to 28 points). The highest scoring subscale identifies the primary reason for a person's engagement in leisure activities.