The overall aim of the study is to gain knowledge about the impact of respiratory training on reaction time and other components of performance in young football players.
are training in football for at least 2 years;
have a valid medical clearance to practice football,
nave an active membership in the MTS Rybnik Football Academy,
have parental/caregiver consent for the participation in the study,
no valid medical clearance to practice football,
currently occurring acute (including respiratory infections) or chronic diseases that may affect sport endurance and safety of training,
musculoskeletal injuries requiring treatment or limiting participation in football training, sustained within the 6 months prior to participation in the study,
illnesses requiring hospitalization within the 6 months prior to participation in the study,
Single group
Respiratory training
Other interventionWeek 1 Relaxation exercises using gentle diaphragmatic breathing, learning the correct diaphragmatic breathing, elements of prolonged exhalation exercises, final relaxation. Week 2 The session will be extended with diaphragmatic breathing with a gradual increase in resistance, achieved by controlled increase of resistance of the abdominal tissues and short rest phases between exercises. Week 3 and 4 The respiratory training will be supplemented with: diaphragmatic breathing with resistance manually dosed by the supervising physiotherapist, through a gentle, controlled pressure on the abdomen during the inhalation phase, exercises aimed at activating the lower ribs muscles activity, short elements of chest breathing as a supplementary exercise, final relaxation. The protocol is based on methods used in respiratory training in clinical studies involving athletes, including young soccer players with a proven beneficial effect on exercise capacity and fatigue tolerance. +4-week follow-up
Reaction time test using BlazePod sensors
Reaction time test using BlazePod sensors - assessment of selective reaction time. Rapid visuomotor reaction is an important element of football, in which the player makes decisions in dynamically changing field conditions \[Nakamoto, Mori 2008\]. To assess the reaction time, the BlazePod light-sensor system will be used, which enables an objective measurement of reaction speed to randomly appearing visual stimuli and is widely used in sports training. Sensors will be placed on the ground, and the subject's task will be to touch the randomly illuminated sensor as quickly as possible. Each player will perform five assessments, and for statistical analysis the mean of the three best results will be used.
T-Drill Test
T-Drill Test - assessment of agility and speed of change of direction of movement The T-Drill Test is a commonly used tool for assessing agility, acceleration, and the ability to quickly change the direction of movement in team sports, including soccer \[Pauole et al. 2000\]. Four cones will be set up in the shape of the letter "T". The player starts from a standing position at the central point, runs forward for a distance of 10 meters, then performs lateral movements to the left and to the right, returns to the center, and runs backward to the starting location. Time measurement will be carried out using an electronic stopwatch or photogates. Each player will perform two trial runs and then two proper trials; for statistical analysis the best obtained result will be used.
Sprint over 30 meters
Sprint over 30 meters - assessment of running speed Running over a distance of 30 meters is a standard method for assessing speed and acceleration ability, constituting an important predictor of the effectiveness of offensive and defensive football playing \[Haugen et al. 2012\]. Time measurement will be conducted over a 30-meter section. The player will start the run from a standing position. Running time will be measured using photogates or an electronic stopwatch. The test will be performed twice, and for statistical analysis the best of the obtained times will be considered.
Yo-Yo IR1 Test
Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo IR1) - assessment of exercise capacity The Yo-Yo IR1 Test is a widely used and well described in the literature tool for assessing aerobic and anaerobic capacity in intermittent sports, such as football \[Bangsbo et al. 2008\]. The test allows assessing the ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts and the effectiveness of recovery between them. The player performs shuttle runs between lines spaced 20 meters apart, accordingto the pace set by an audio signal. After each double shuttle run (2 x 20 m), a short active break is performed, including a jog over a distance of 5 meters and a return to the start line. The test is ended at the moment when the athlete is unable to reach the line twice within the allotted time. Test will be conducted one time.
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The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice
Lead sponsor
MTS Rybnik Football Academy, Kilinskiego 33b Street, 44-200 Rybnik, Poland
Collaborator
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