The aim for this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a 16-week minimal-equipment progressive resistance training program compared to usual care, in improving functional outcomes among older adults with dementia in Singapore.
Participants will:
* receive either minimal-equipment progressive resistance training or continue with usual care * perform physical and cognitive function tests at three time-points
Aged 55 years or older
Community-dwelling
Formal medical diagnosis of dementia of any cause
Diagnosis of neurological and/or myopathic disorders
Severe audio-visual impairment
Severe mobility impairment that affects study participation
Not suitable to participate in exercise intervention as deemed by a nursing staff or allied health professional
Parallel
Minimal-equipment progressive resistance training
Other interventionThe intervention consists of resistance training exercises that target major upper and lower body muscle groups with the use of portable equipment such as resistance bands and wrist/ankle weights. The exercise dosage will be progressively increased across the 16 weeks to achieve training adaptations. The exercise programme will be conducted three times per week, with each session lasting approximately 30 to 45 minutes.
Change in handgrip strength
This test is a measurement of upper limb strength. Handgrip strength will be measured in kilograms using a Jamar Plus + Digital Hand Dynamometer. Participants will squeeze the dynamometer with maximum effort in a seated position with their arms at their sides and elbows flexed at 90 degrees. Two trials will be administered for each arm and the highest of four readings will be used for analysis.
Change in five times sit-to-stand test
This test is a measurement of lower limb strength. Participants will be instructed to perform five chair stands as fast as possible using a chair without arms, and the time recorded will be used for analysis.
Change in 30-seconds sit-to-stand test
This test is a measurement of lower limb strength and power. Participants will be instructed to perform repeated chair stands as fast as possible using a chair without arms, and number of completed full stands will be recorded for analysis.
Change in Time Up and Go test
This test is a measurement of functional mobility. The test measures the time taken for participants to rise from a seated position, walk three metres at a comfortable speed, make a turn, walk back, and return to a seated position. Two trials will be administered, and the mean reading will be used for analysis.
Change in Short Physical Performance Battery test
This test is a measurement of physical function that consists of three components inclusive of 4-metre gait speed test, five times sit-to-stand test and a progressive test of standing balance.
Change in gait speed test
The test measures the time taken for participants to walk six metres at a normal pace from a moving start without deceleration. Two trials will be administered, and the mean reading will be used for analysis.
Change in functional reach test
This test is a measurement of dynamic balance. While standing with their back to the wall, participants are instructed to reach forward with their dominant arm outstretched at shoulder level while maintaining a fixed stance. The distance between the metacarpal bone of the third finger in the initial position and the maximum point reached is measured. Two trials will be administered, and the better reading will be used for analysis.
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