About this trial
Community pharmacies (CPs) have emerged as promising differentiated service delivery models for refilling antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Documented benefits of CP-based refills include improved treatment adherence and viral suppression, reduced healthcare provider workload, and reduced facility congestion. This trial will evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, fidelity, and preliminary effectiveness of integrating TB treatment into CPs among people with TB/HIV in Kampala, Uganda.
Eligibility criteria
This trial does not accept healthy volunteersQualifiers
People with TB/HIV aged ≥18 years, receiving treatment for bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed drug-susceptible pulmonary TB, on a first-line ART regimen or its alternative, and receiving TB treatment for ≤2 months.
Disqualifiers
Individuals with extrapulmonary TB as their treatment often exceeds 6 months, and those likely to transfer to other health facilities.
Trial design
Parallel
Treatments tested in this trial
The intervention is TB treatment delivery via community pharmacies for people with TB/HIV
Other interventionBefore randomization (months 0-2), all participants will receive standard TB treatment (2RHZE/4RH) and ART according to national guidelines. They will attend the health facility for TB care, treatment-stability assessments, standardized counseling and health education. TB and ART medications will be refilled biweekly, and participants with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB will undergo sputum smear examination at month 2, per national guidelines. Eligible participants will then be randomized 1:1 to community pharmacy-based refills or treatment as usual. Accordingly, participants in the community pharmacy-based refill (intervention) arm will receive TB and ART refills through participating community pharmacies in 2-month supplies (months 3-4 and 5-6). At month 6, bacteriologically confirmed participants will undergo sputum smear examination at the health facility. Those discontinuing community pharmacy-based refills will return to routine care.
Control Arm - standard of care
Other interventionBefore randomization (months 0-2), all participants will receive standard TB treatment (2RHZE/4RH) and ART according to national guidelines. They will attend the health facility for TB care, treatment-stability assessments, standardized counseling and health education. TB and ART medications will be refilled biweekly, and participants with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB will undergo sputum smear examination at month 2, per national guidelines. Eligible participants will then be randomized 1:1 to community pharmacy-based refills or treatment as usual. Participants randomized to the treatment as usual (control) arm will receive TB refills monthly and ART refills every 2-3 months at the facility.
Treatment groups
Trial outcomes
Primary outcomes
Acceptability of integration of TB treatment into community pharmacies
Proportion of people with TB/HIV willing to receive treatment at community pharmacies.
Secondary outcomes
Feasibility of integration of TB treatment into community pharmacies
Proportion of community pharmacy workers reporting that the integration of TB treatment into community pharmacies was successful.
Fidelity of implementation of community pharmacy TB treatment integration
Proportion of people with TB/HIV who return for expected refills.
TB treatment success rate
Proportion of people with TB/HIV with treatment outcomes of cure or treatment completion at 6 months
Viral load suppression
Proportion of people with TB/HIV with viral load \<1,000 copies/ml at 6 months or TB treatment completion
Sponsors and contacts
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Makerere University
Lead sponsor
Fogarty International Center of the National Institute of Health
Collaborator
This trial is not recruiting at the moment. You can still explore other options: