The purpose of this study is to evaluate the interaction between white potato consumption and meal timing on glycemic response, subjective appetite, and energy intake in adults. The investigators hypothesize that white potatoes will modulate glycemic response, enhance satiety, and mitigate subsequent meal consumption and overall food intake when compared with meals containing low glycemic carbohydrates. Furthermore, they anticipate that the timing of white potato consumption will yield differential effects, with breakfast consumption exerting a more pronounced impact on satiety and subsequent food intake reduction compared to dinner consumption.
18 - 65 years
within the healthy body weight range [body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2].
have a previous diagnosis of diabetes and gastrointestinal, liver or kidney disease;
have had a major medical or surgical event within the past 6 months;
have had any significant weight fluctuation in the past 6-months;
are taking medication that may influence dependent measures;
Crossover
Oven-baked Home Fries
Other interventionOven-baked Home Fries (241 g; McCain Ltd.). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
Oven-baked White Russet Potato
Other interventionOven-baked White Russet Potato (299 g). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
Oven-baked Fries
Other interventionOven-baked Fries (241 g; McCain Ltd.). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
Deep Fried, Quick Serve Fries
Other interventionDeep Fried, Quick Serve Fries (108 g; McCain Ltd.). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
Oven-baked Cauliflower Veggie Tots
Other interventionOven-baked Cauliflower Veggie Tots (172 g; Green Giant). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
No Side
Other interventionNo side control (no caloric contribution).
6
Treatment groupsSee each treatment group below.
Glycemic Response (Acute Phase)
Blood glucose (mmol/L). Blood glucose concentrations will be measured using a Dexcom G7 CGM system.
Subjective Appetite
A visual analogue scale (VAS) with four questions will be administered to assess desire to eat, fullness, hunger, and prospective food consumption. Individual questions will be used to form a composite score. Each VAS will be administered via pen and paper where participants will place an 'X" on the VAS line (100 mm).
Rest-of-day Blood Glucose
Blood glucose (mmol/L). Rest-of-day blood glucose concentrations will be determined using a Dexcom G7 CGM system.
Subjective Emotions
A visual analogue scale (VAS) with thirteen questions will be administered to assess subjective emotions and mood (aggression, anger, excitement, disappointment, happiness, upset, frustration, alertness, sadness, tension, exhaustion, calmness, and sleepiness). Individual questions will be used to form a composite emotion score. Each VAS will be administered via pen and paper where participants will place an 'X" on the VAS line (100 mm).
Sleep Quality
A visual analogue scale (VAS) with five questions will be provided to participants to answer upon waking the day after the test session \[i.e. morning after evening test session\]. Each VAS will be administered via pen and paper where participants will place an 'X" on the VAS line (100 mm).
Rest-of-day and next day Food Intake
Participants will be sent home with a rest-of-the-day and next-day food intake recall sheet to record their snacks, meals, and beverages.
Next-day Subjective Appetite
A visual analogue scale (VAS) with four questions will be provided to assess desire to eat, fullness, hunger, and prospective food consumption. Individual questions will be used to form a composite score. Each VAS will be administered via pen and paper, provided to participants to complete at home the morning after the evening test session.
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