This observational cross-sectional study aims to examine the relationships between interoceptive awareness, physical activity level, body awareness, emotional status, and pain intensity in individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain. Non-specific chronic low back pain refers to pain in the lumbar region lasting for at least three months without an identifiable structural or pathological cause.
Participants aged 18-65 years who meet the diagnostic criteria for non-specific chronic low back pain will be evaluated using validated self-report questionnaires. These include measures of interoceptive awareness, body awareness, alexithymia, physical activity level, and pain intensity. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics such as age, gender, education level, duration of pain, medication use, height, weight, and BMI will also be collected.
The purpose of the study is to better understand how internal body perception, physical activity, emotional processing, and body awareness interact with pain experience in this population. Findings may contribute to the development of individualized rehabilitation programs and inform clinicians about the multidimensional factors influencing chronic low back pain.
Adults aged 18-65 years.
Diagnosed with non-specific chronic low back pain.
Duration of pain ≥ 3 months.
Self-reported average pain score ≥ 4/10 on the Visual Analog Scale.
Low back pain due to specific pathologies (e.g., tumor, infection, fracture, inflammatory disease).
Serious systemic, neurological, or psychiatric comorbidities.
History of spinal surgery within the past year.
Pregnancy.
Adults aged 18-65 years diagnosed with non-specific chronic low back pain for at least 3 months. Participants will be recruited from the physiotherapy and rehabilitation outpatient clinic (Fizyotem) at Istinye University. Individuals must be able to understand and complete self-report questionnaires. A total of approximately 130 participants are expected to be enrolled.
Cohort
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Interoceptive Awareness Score (MAIA/MAIA-2)
Interoceptive awareness will be assessed using the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA/MAIA-2). The scale consists of 37 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, yielding scores for eight subscales. Higher scores indicate greater interoceptive awareness.
Body Awareness Score (BARQ-T)
Body awareness will be measured using the Body Awareness Rating Questionnaire - Turkish (BARQ-T). The scale assesses perception of bodily sensations and awareness-related behaviors. Higher scores indicate greater body awareness.
Alexithymia Score (Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20)
Emotional status will be assessed using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), a 20-item questionnaire measuring difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally oriented thinking. Higher scores represent higher levels of alexithymia.
Physical Activity Level (IPAQ-SF)
Physical activity will be assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Total activity will be calculated in MET-minutes/week, and participants will be categorized as low, moderate, or high activity level.
Pain Intensity Score (Visual Analog Scale)
Pain intensity will be measured using a 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where 0 represents "no pain" and 10 represents "worst imaginable pain." Scores are recorded in millimeters.
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