Breathing pattern disorders can cause mechanical, physiological, and psychological issues in the body, contributing to the initiation and chronicity of pain. Therefore, considering breathing patterns is significant in managing chronic pain, yet direct research on central sensitization and breathing pattern disorders remains scant. This study aims to analyze the correlation between central sensitization and breathing pattern disorders in adults by assessing both respiration and pain.
Adults aged 18 and above.
Individuals scoring 40 or above on the Central Sensitization Inventory for Koreans (CSI-K).
Individuals who consent to the use and publication of their personal information and wish to participate in assessment measurements.
Individuals with pulmonary, cardiac, or respiratory diseases.
Individuals with severe hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg.
Individuals with cognitive impairments.
Individuals who express a desire to withdraw from the study during its duration.
Participants were voluntarily recruited from church members who complained of symptoms of central sensitization and were registered according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Case-only
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Respiratory function
This study utilized the Self Evaluation of Breathing Questionnaire (SEBQ) to assess respiratory function. The SEBQ is a self-administered questionnaire designed to measure symptoms and severity associated with respiratory dysfunction. It consists of 25 items, each rated on a 4-point scale (0 = not at all, to 3 = very much so), with a total possible score ranging from 0 to 75. While there is no definitive cutoff score for the SEBQ, experts consider a total score above 25 to indicate a problem with respiratory function. The SEBQ has a test-retest reliability (ICC) of 0.89 and internal consistency (Cronbach's α) of 0.93.
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