Individuals aged 18-65 years who have been clinically diagnosed with spinal cord injury and have developed paraplegia will be included in the study. Demographic and clinical data of the participants, including age, sex, height, weight, etiology of injury, level of injury, duration of injury, and comorbidities, will be recorded. In addition, disease-specific characteristics such as ambulation status, wheelchair use, presence of incontinence, and presence and severity of pain will be assessed.
Kinesiophobia levels of the patients will be evaluated using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). Functional independence will be assessed using the Spinal Cord Independence Measure-III Self-Report (SCIM-III SR). Fall-related concerns will be evaluated using the Spinal Cord Injury-Falls Concern Scale (SCI-FCS). Pain severity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the presence of neuropathic pain will be evaluated using the DN4 Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire.
Symptoms related to anxiety and depression will be assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). All assessments will be conducted through face-to-face interviews. The collected data will be analyzed to investigate the relationship between kinesiophobia and functional independence, fear of falling, pain, and psychological status in individuals with paraplegic spinal cord injury. Validated Turkish versions of all scales used in the study will be employed.
Aged between 18 and 65 years
Clinically diagnosed with spinal cord injury
Presence of paraplegia
Injury duration of at least 3 months (to exclude acute phase effects)
Tetraplegia or other neurological conditions affecting motor function
Severe cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorders that may interfere with assessments
Presence of active infection, malignancy, or severe systemic disease
Severe visual or hearing impairment preventing participation in assessments
Spinal cord injury patients
Cohort
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK)
The TSK is a self-reported questionnaire used to assess fear of movement/re-injury. It consists of 17 items scored on a 4-point Likert scale, with total scores ranging from 17 to 68. Higher scores indicate greater kinesiophobia.
Spinal Cord Independence Measure-III Self-Report (SCIM-III SR)
The SCIM-III SR evaluates functional independence in individuals with spinal cord injury. It includes domains such as self-care, respiration and sphincter management, and mobility. Total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater independence.
Spinal Cord Injury-Falls Concern Scale (SCI-FCS)
The SCI-FCS assesses concerns about falling during daily activities in individuals with spinal cord injury. Higher scores indicate greater fear of falling.
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Pain intensity is measured using a 10-cm visual analog scale, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain.
DN4 Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire
The DN4 questionnaire is used to identify neuropathic pain. A score of ≥4 suggests the presence of neuropathic pain.
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