This research will analyze and compare the muscle activation levels, muscle recruitment timing, trunk kinematics, and shoulder joint kinematics between the four forehand strokes and between elite table tennis players with and without shoulder injuries, providing insights for daily training and rehabilitation programs to reduce the occurrence of sports injuries.
The ages range from 13 to 40 years old
Competed in the Chinese Taipei Table Tennis Ranking Tournament or the National Table Tennis Championships within the past three years
At least four years of table tennis experience, and train for more than 10 hours per week
History of upper limb surgery or fracture
History of shoulder dislocation
History of spine injury in the last year
Systemic autoimmune disease or cancer
Table tennis players
Cohort
Cross-sectional
motion capture system, surface electromyography
Deviceforehand topspin against topspin, forehand topspin against backspin, forehand stroke, and forehand attack
Trunk muscles activation during forehand topspin against topspin, forehand topspin against backspin, forehand stroke, and forehand attack
The root mean square of electromyography (EMG) data of bilateral erector spinae and bilateral abdominal external oblique will be normalized by the maximum voluntary contraction amplitude (percentage of maximal voluntary contraction, %)
Trunk kinematics during forehand topspin against topspin, forehand topspin against backspin, forehand stroke, and forehand attack
Trunk kinematics, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation, were measured in degrees (°) across four conditions: forehand topspin against topspin, forehand topspin against backspin, forehand stroke, and forehand attack.
Upper limbs muscles activation during forehand topspin against topspin, forehand topspin against backspin, forehand stroke, and forehand attack
The root mean square of electromyography (EMG) data of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, and pectoralis Major will be normalized by the maximum voluntary contraction amplitude (percentage of maximal voluntary contraction, %) and calculated over forehand topspin against topspin, forehand topspin against backspin, forehand stroke, and forehand attack.
Trunk mobility
Range of motion of the thoracolumbar spine, described with degrees (°).
Shoulder mobility
Range of motion of the glenohumeral joint, described with degrees (°).
Shoulder motor control
A clinical assessment of movement quality during shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation
Trunk motor control
A clinical assessment of movement quality during trunk rotation
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