This study will evaluate the relationship between structured nutrition counseling, diet quality, and advanced glycation end products in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and women with normal glucose tolerance. Participants will be assigned to either a structured nutrition counseling group or a standard care group according to glucose tolerance status. The counseling program will include education and follow-up on healthy eating during pregnancy, gestational diabetes management, portion control, food choices, meal planning, and cooking methods. Diet quality, dietary habits, biochemical parameters, advanced glycation end products, gestational weight gain, and fetal outcomes will be assessed during follow-up.
Pregnant women aged 18 to 35 years
Singleton and first pregnancy
Gestational age between 24 and 28 weeks at enrollment
Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus or normal glucose tolerance
Current use of insulin therapy
Active smoking
Alcohol use
Refusal or inability to provide written informed consent
Parallel
Structured Nutrition Counseling
BehavioralA dietitian-led structured nutrition counseling, education, and follow-up program provided in addition to standard care. The program includes education on pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, adequate and balanced nutrition, appropriate gestational weight gain, portion control, low glycemic index food choices, reduction of highly processed foods, healthy cooking methods, carbohydrate intake, and meal planning. Follow-up will be conducted at least every two weeks by telephone, online, or face-to-face sessions. Dietary records and weight changes will be reviewed, and individualized feedback and motivational support will be provided.
Standard Care
Other interventionStandard obstetric care or standard gestational diabetes management, when applicable, with routine dietitian consultation.
Diet Quality Score
Diet quality will be assessed using the Diet Quality Index-International based on three-day food records. The score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better diet quality.
Serum Advanced Glycation End Products Level
Serum advanced glycation end products levels will be measured using serum samples obtained from residual blood collected during routine clinical tests. Levels will be evaluated in relation to glucose tolerance status, nutrition counseling, diet quality, and dietary behaviors.
Highly Processed Food Consumption Score
Highly processed food consumption will be assessed using the short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of highly processed foods.
Dietary Habits and Cooking Methods
Dietary habits and cooking methods will be assessed using a structured questionnaire including meal frequency, skipped meals, snacking habits, food preferences, cooking methods, and types of oils used in food preparation.
Gestational Weight Gain
Gestational weight gain will be evaluated using maternal body weight measurements recorded during pregnancy follow-up.
Birth Weight
Infant birth weight will be recorded in grams after delivery from obstetric and neonatal records.
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