This pilot observational study aims to examine the relationship between pain beliefs, pain intensity, and functional performance in individuals who have undergone cosmetic lower limb lengthening surgery using the Lengthening Over Nail (LON) technique.
Seventeen healthy male participants aged between 20 and 50 years who have undergone bilateral lower limb lengthening with the LON method will be included in the study. All evaluations will be performed during a face-to-face clinical visit at the fourth postoperative week.
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Pain beliefs will be evaluated using the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire. Functional performance will be measured with the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT).
The study aims to better understand how patients' beliefs about pain may influence their perceived pain level and physical performance after cosmetic limb lengthening surgery. Findings may contribute to improving postoperative rehabilitation planning and patient management.
Age between 20 and 50 years
Underwent bilateral lower extremity cosmetic lengthening surgery using the LON (Lengthening Over Nail) technique
Completed postoperative rehabilitation process
Attending routine clinical follow-up at postoperative week 4
History of orthopedic surgery other than lower extremity lengthening
Presence of neurological, rheumatologic, or systemic diseases affecting physical performance
Postoperative complications such as infection, pseudoarthrosis, or implant failure
Any condition preventing participation in physical assessment
The study population consists of adults aged 20 to 50 years who underwent bilateral lower extremity cosmetic lengthening surgery using the LON (Lengthening Over Nail) technique and are attending routine postoperative follow-up at week 4 in a single tertiary care center.
Case-only
Cross-sectional
Postoperative Functional and Pain Assessment
Diagnostic testThis study does not administer any therapeutic intervention. Participants undergo standardized postoperative assessments at the fourth week after cosmetic lower limb lengthening surgery using the LON technique. Assessments include the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain intensity, the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire for evaluation of pain-related cognitions, and the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) for functional performance measurement.
Pain Intensity Measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Pain intensity assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The scale ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.
Pain Beliefs Measured by Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ)
Pain beliefs assessed using the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ). The questionnaire includes organic and psychological subscales. Items are scored on a Likert scale, with higher scores indicating stronger pain-related beliefs.
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