Parenting for Tomorrow: A New Model for Supporting Preschool Children's Mental Health in Head Start

Change in Child Social - Emotional and Behavioral Wellbeing as assessed by the Strength & Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)

Strength \& Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a 25 item measure of children's emotional symptoms (5 items), conduct problems (5 items), hyperactivity/inattention (5 items), peer relationship problems (5 items) and prosocial behavior (5 items). A higher score on the SDQ's emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems scales generally indicates more difficulties in those areas, while a lower score suggests fewer problems. Conversely, a higher score on the prosocial behavior scales indicates more positive social behaviors, while a lower score suggests more difficulties in this area. The score range for total difficulties is 0-40 and the score range for prosocial behavior is 0-10.

Change in Child Anxiety as assessed by the Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS)

Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS), a 28-item measure of young children's generalized, social, and separation anxieties; obsessive compulsive disorder, and physical injury fears. The score ranges from 0 - 112. Elevated scores on specific subscales may be indicative of potential concerns in those areas.

Change in Child Social - Emotional and Behavioral Wellbeing in the Classroom as assessed by the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation (SCBE)

Head Start teacher ratings of children's social competence and behavior in the classroom using the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation (SCBE), a 30-item measure with 3 subscales measuring children's social competence, anger/aggression, and anxiety/withdrawal. The score ranges from 30-180. A higher score on the social competence subscale suggests that the child displays more positive social behaviors and skills. A higher score on the anger/aggression subscale suggests that the child exhibits more anger and aggressive behaviors. A higher score on the anxiety/withdrawal subscale suggests that the child experiences more anxiety and withdrawal behaviors.

Change in parenting skills as assessed by the Parenting Questionnaire (PQ)

Parenting Questionnaire (PQ) is a validated 40-item measure of parents' use of positive discipline, harsh discipline, and consistency of discipline techniques. The score ranges from 40-200. There are 3 subscales of interest for the parenting questionnaire that include: (1) Warmth: higher scores = greater warmth; (2) Corporal Punishment: higher scores = greater use of corporal punishment, and (3) Following Through on Discipline: higher scores = more likely to follow through on discipline.

Change in parental mental health - anxiety as assessed by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) is a 7-item screening measure of generalized anxiety. The score ranges from 0-21. A score of 0-4: indicates minimal anxiety, 5-9 indicates mild anxiety, 10-14 indicates moderate anxiety, and 15-21 indicates severe anxiety.

Change in parental mental health - depressive symptoms as assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression Scale (PHQ-8)

Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression Scale (PHQ-8) is a brief measure of depressive symptoms in the general population. The score ranges 0-24. A score of 10 or greater is considered major depression, 20 or more is severe major depression.