The goal of this interventional study is to evaluate the impact of a structured training program on the ability of Radiologic Technologists (RTs) to safely and effectively perform peripheral venous access (PVA) placement for contrast media administration in a radiodiagnostic setting.
The study focuses on adult patients undergoing contrast-enhanced imaging procedures and on Radiologic Technologists who have completed a competency-based theoretical and practical training program on peripheral venous access management.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
* Does a structured training program improve the theoretical knowledge and technical competencies of Radiologic Technologists in peripheral venous access placement? * What is the incidence of complications associated with peripheral venous access placement performed by trained Radiologic Technologists in routine clinical practice? * How do patients perceive the procedure in terms of pain, safety, procedural success, and overall satisfaction?
Participants:
* Radiologic Technologists will participate in a structured theoretical and practical training program focused on peripheral venous access placement for contrast media administration. * Radiologic Technologists will perform peripheral venous access placement during routine radiodiagnostic procedures following completion of the training. * Patients undergoing contrast-enhanced imaging will receive peripheral venous access placement performed by trained Radiologic Technologists and will complete questionnaires assessing pain, satisfaction, and perceived safety of the procedure.
Voluntary participation and provision of written informed consent.
Completion of the structured theoretical and practical training program for peripheral venous access placement for contrast media administration.
Age ≥18 years
Provision of written informed consent.
Age <18 years.
Severe cognitive impairment that precludes valid informed consent or completion of the patient survey.
No written informed consent.
Clinical conditions that make peripheral venous access placement complex or unsafe, as determined by the clinical team.
Single group
Structured Peripheral Venous Access Training Program
Other interventionThe intervention consists of a structured, competency-based theoretical and practical training program designed to qualify Radiologic Technologists to independently perform peripheral venous access placement for contrast media administration. The program includes classroom-based education, supervised hands-on training, and on-the-job mentoring focused on venipuncture techniques, prevention and recognition of complications, and patient communication. Competency is achieved after completion of the training pathway and a minimum number of supervised procedures.
Effectiveness of the Structured Theoretical-Practical Training Program on Peripheral Venous Access Placement
Effectiveness of the training program will be assessed through: 1. A structured post-training survey evaluating perceived knowledge acquisition, preparedness, autonomy, and overall training impact (categorical Likert-type responses), and 2. A structured practical competency assessment evaluating procedural performance. Survey responses will be reported as absolute frequencies (n) and percentages (%) for each response category. Practical competency will be reported as: 1. Proportion (%) of Radiologic Technologists achieving successful completion of supervised peripheral venous access procedures, and 2. Proportion (%) reaching predefined competency level after training.
Incidence of Peripheral Venous Access-Related Complications
The proportion of procedures in which at least one complication related to peripheral venous access placement for contrast media administration occurs. Complications will include hematoma/bruising, bleeding, phlebitis/local inflammation, infiltration/extravasation, and procedural failure. Results will be reported as: * Number (n) and percentage (%) of procedures with ≥1 complication * Number (n) and percentage (%) by type of complication
First-Attempt Success Rate of Peripheral Venous Access Placement
The proportion of procedures successfully completed at the first venipuncture attempt. Results will be reported as: * Number (n) and percentage (%) of procedures completed at first attempt * Distribution of procedures requiring second or ≥3 attempts (n, %)
Patient-Reported Pain During and After Peripheral Venous Access Placement
Patient-reported pain intensity during venipuncture and duration of post-procedural pain will be assessed using categorical response options. Results will be reported as: * Number (n) and percentage (%) for each pain intensity category * Number (n) and percentage (%) for each pain duration category
Patient-Reported Procedural Experience and Satisfaction
Patient-reported overall experience and perceived clarity/availability of healthcare staff during the radiologic examination. Responses will be collected using categorical Likert-type options. Results will be reported as: * Number (n) and percentage (%) for each response category * Proportion (%) reporting positive or very positive experience
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