The sequential trial compares recovery and mHealth engagement outcomes among Black participants who participated in the mHealth intervention uMAT-R or uMAT-R + enhanced community engagement. The mHealth intervention seeks to support people in various stages of recovery who are also seeking other forms of substance use treatment. Participants are recruited from community-based substance use treatment facilities and recovery services. Participants must be adults who have or are currently using opioids and/or stimulants.
Have a history of opioid and/or stimulant use
Identify as Black and/or African American
Seek treatment at local substance use treatment centers
Fluent in English
Self-reported cognitive impairment that would limit ability to participate in research.
Sequential
uMAT-R + enhanced community engagement
BehavioraluMAT-R + enhanced community engagement involves an optimized community engagement strategy employed by the intervention team. This involves in-person interactions with eligible participants and recruitment sites.
Original uMAT-R supplementary mHealth recovery intervention
BehavioraluMAT-R supplementary mHealth recovery intervention is the original intervention without optimization of the community engagement approach.
Abstinence/ Changes in Substance Use
Frequency of opioid use, stimulant, and/or other substance use (e.g., discordant with prescribed usage) or other substances (e.g., stimulants, other non-opioid illicit drugs) in the past 30-day will be assessed by items from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) questionnaire. The score indicates days on using any substance listed above over past 30-day, ranging from 0 to 30, with a higher score reflecting more frequent substance use.
Opioid use/ Stimulant use disorder symptoms
The number of DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria met for opioid use disorder (OUD) and stimulant use disorder (StUD) will be assessed. Scores range from 0 to 11, with higher scores indicating that more diagnostic criteria are met for the disorder.
Depression symptoms
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) will be used to assess depression symptoms. The potential scale scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms. Continuous variables will be created to assess the total scores at baseline and the 1-month follow-up, respectively.
Anxiety Symptoms
The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 (GAD-7) will be used to assess anxiety symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day), allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of anxiety symptoms in the past 2 weeks, such as 'Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge' or 'Becoming easily annoyed or irritable...' The potential scale scores range from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety symptoms. To examine the changes in GAD-7 scores from baseline to the 1-month follow-up, continuous variables will be created to assess the scores at the respective time points.
Basic needs
The adapted Wellbeing and Basic Needs Survey will be used to assess confidence in meeting their basic needs. Participants were asked to rate their confidence in meeting their basic needs on a Likert scale ranging from "very confident" (1) to "not confident at all" (8). To examine changes in scores continuous variables were created to capture the baseline and 1-month follow-up scores, respectively. Scores may range from 8 to 64, which higher scores indicating less confidence in attending to basic needs.
Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) Attitudes
We will measure Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) attitudes using an 8-item subscale to evaluate participants' attitudes towards MOUD modified from the Attitudes of Methadone Scale. Participants will provide responses on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 'strongly disagree' (1) to 'strongly agree' (5). Sample items include: 'Taking MOUD is only replacing one addiction with another,' 'A person is better off taking MOUD than opioids,' and 'MOUD is as dangerous as opioids.' The total score will be calculated by summing all items, resulting in a potential scoring range of 8 to 40 with higher scores indicating greater negative attitudes toward MOUD use.
Client/User Experience
Participants discuss ease of use and learning, usefulness, and likability of using uMAT-R, and their overall experience pursuing substance use recovery.
uMAT-R App Engagement
Participants who logged into the mobile app 1 or more times during the 1 month intervention will be considered engaged in the app. The outcome will be binary (yes/no).
uMAT-R E-coach Engagement
Will be assessed by whether participants sent at least one message to the e-coach and the outcome will be binary (yes/no).
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