Midazolam and propofol are the most used intravenous (IV) sedative agents, but their use is associated with well-known adverse effects such as accumulation, myotoxicity, tachyphylaxis, and unpredictable wake-up time.
For benzodiazepines, an increased tolerance, possible accumulation after long-term use, and an increased risk of acute withdrawal syndrome are reported. In patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for cardiogenic shock, the negative hemodynamic effects of these drugs are a particular matter of concern. Besides the extracorporeal circuit itself may affect the pharmacokinetics of these IV sedatives. Indeed, drug sequestration in ECMO circuits is a well-known phenomenon influenced by drug chemo-physical properties. Given the large surface area of tubing and membrane, considerable quantities of drugs used in ECMO patients may be sequestered over a period, resulting in a significant increase in their volume of distribution. Similarly, frequent hemodilution and organ dysfunction would also contribute to an increase in the volume of distribution.
Propofol, which is lipophilic is significantly sequestrated in the circuit. Consequently, it is commonly observed that patients receiving ECMO have substantially higher sedative and analgesic drug requirements than patients without ECMO.
To date, there is no ideal concept for analgesia and sedation of patients on ECMO in the ICU.
A drug that sedates effectively but with minimal residual sedation after the end of the administration and without the aforementioned drawbacks of the current agents would be valuable.
Interestingly, a recent randomized controlled non-inferiority trial that randomized 338 patients showed that, compared with propofol, sedation with inhaled anaesthetics was non-inferior. Sedation with inhaled anaesthetics resulted in a higher rate of spontaneous breathing and a shorter wake-up time after 48h of sedation. Indeed, inhaled sedation, which has been associated with reduced opioid consumption and less delirium in ICU patients, is a promising alternative to IV sedation. Moreover, inhaled anaesthetics might be associated with less myocardial injury and lower doses of inotropic support in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, to date, the experience with volatile agents remains limited in patients on ECMO.
We hypothesized that the use of inhaled isoflurane with the Sedaconda anaesthetics conserving device (ACD) in cardiogenic shock patients on ECMO will reduce the mortality and increase the number of ventilation-free days at day 28 following ECMO onset compared to usual IV sedation by propofol and/or midazolam.
Cardiogenic shock on VA ECMO support for less than 24 hours
Patients on invasive mechanical ventilation receiving propofol and/or midazolam at the time of randomization
Invasive mechanical ventilation for less than 48 hours
Expected invasive ventilation and sedation for at least 24h, with a prescribed Richmond agitation scale target within the range of -1 to - 4
Age <18 and >75
Pregnancy or breastfeeding
Initiation of ECMO >24 hours
Initiation of mechanical ventilation >48 hours
Parallel
Inahled Isoflurane
Drugtreatment administration
Propofol, midazolam
Drugtreatment administration
A composite hierarchical outcome composed of two components: 1) mortality, 2) number of days alive without invasive mechanical ventilation within 28 days following ECMO initiation
* Each patient will be compared with every other patient in the study and assigned a score (tie: 0, win: +1, loss: -1) for each pairwise comparison based on whom fared better. * If one patient survived on day 28 and the other did not, scores of +1 and -1 will be assigned, respectively, for that pairwise comparison. If both patients in the pairwise comparison survived at day 28, the assigned score will depend on which patient had more days free from mechanical ventilation: the patient with more ventilator-free days alive at day 28 will receive a score of +1, while the patient with fewer days will receive a score of -1. If both patients survived and had the same number of ventilator-free days on day 28, and if both patients died, they will be both assigned a score of 0 for that pairwise comparison. For each patient, scores for all pairwise comparisons will be summed, resulting in a cumulative score.
Overall survival
Number of ECMO-free days
Number of inotropes-free days
Number of ICU-free days
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