This phase III trial compares the effect of adding stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to the usual treatment (conventional image guided radiation therapy \[IGRT\] and chemotherapy followed by immunotherapy with durvalumab or targeted therapy with osimertinib) versus the usual treatment alone in treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to nearby tissue or lymph nodes (locally advanced) and cannot be treated by surgery (inoperable). SBRT uses special equipment to position a patient and deliver radiation therapy to tumors with high precision. This method may kill tumor cells with fewer doses over a shorter period and cause less damage to normal tissue. IGRT is a type of radiation therapy that creates a picture of the tumor to help guide the radiation beam during therapy, making it more accurate and causing less damage to healthy tissue. Usual chemotherapy used in this trial consists of combinations of the following drugs: cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel, pemetrexed, and etoposide. Cisplatin and carboplatin are in a class of medications known as platinum-containing compounds. Cisplatin works by killing, stopping, or slowing the growth of tumor cells. Carboplatin works in a way similar to the anticancer drug cisplatin but may be better tolerated than cisplatin. Carboplatin works by killing, stopping, or slowing the growth of tumor cells as well. Paclitaxel is in a class of medications called antimicrotubule agents. It works by stopping the growth and spread of tumor cells. Nab-paclitaxel is an albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel which may have fewer side effects and work better than other forms of paclitaxel. Pemetrexed is in a class of medications called antifolate antineoplastic agents. It works by blocking the action of a certain substance in the body that may help tumor cells multiply. Etoposide is in a class of medications known as podophyllotoxin derivatives. It blocks a certain enzyme needed for cell division and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair and may kill tumor cells. Immunotherapy with durvalumab can induce changes in the body's immune system and can interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Osimertinib is in a class of medications called kinase inhibitors. It works by blocking the action of a protein called EGFR that signals cancer cells to multiply. This helps slow or stop the spread of tumor cells. Adding SBRT to the usual treatment of IGRT with chemotherapy and immunotherapy may be more effective at treating patients with locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer than giving the usual treatment alone.
Pathologically (histologically or cytologically) proven diagnosis of non-operable stage IIB or III, node positive (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] eighth edition) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with known PD-L1 status prior to registration
Patients must have an identified primary tumor and at least one nodal metastasis (peribronchial/hilar/intrapulmonary, mediastinal/subcarinal, supraclavicular/scalene)
Up to 4 cycles of systemic therapy received prior to registration for the current study cancer is allowable; any prior chemotherapy for a different cancer is also permissible
Patients who refuse surgery, in addition to those who are technically unresectable or medically inoperable, are eligible.
Prior radiotherapy to the study cancer (local recurrence). Prior radiotherapy for a different cancer/condition to the region of the study cancer that would result in overlap of radiation therapy fields that is determined by the treating physician to impede the treatment of the study malignancy
Patients without identifiable primary tumor and at least 1 pathologically enlarged lymph node are not eligible (T3-4N0 or T0N1-3 patients are not eligible). At least 1 radiographically-involved lymph node is required, but pathologic confirmation of involvement is not mandated
Centrally located primary tumor < 2 cm from involved nodal disease that would result in significant overlap of the primary SBRT and nodal radiation fields. This does not include proximity to involved segmental and subsegmental lymph nodes (levels 13 and 14) that would not result in overlap of dose to the proximal bronchial tree or esophagus. Centrally located is defined as within or touching the zone of the proximal bronchial tree, which is a volume 2 cm in all directions around the proximal bronchial tree (carina, right and left main bronchi, right and left upper lobe bronchi, intermedius bronchus, right middle lobe bronchus, lingular bronchus right and left lower lobe bronchi)
Participants who are pregnant or unwilling to discontinue nursing
Parallel
Carboplatin
DrugGiven IV
Cisplatin
DrugGiven IV
Computed Tomography
Procedure/SurgeryUndergo CT and/or PET/CT
Durvalumab
Biological/VaccineGiven IV
Etoposide
DrugGiven IV
Image Guided Radiation Therapy
RadiationUndergo IGRT
Nab-paclitaxel
DrugGiven IV
Osimertinib
DrugGiven PO
Paclitaxel
DrugGiven IV
Pemetrexed
DrugGiven IV
Positron Emission Tomography
Procedure/SurgeryUndergo PET/CT
Questionnaire Administration
Other interventionAncillary studies
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy
RadiationUndergo SBRT
Overall survival (OS)
Non-inferiority (NI) between arm 2 and arm 1 (reference level) will be evaluated by comparing the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio to the pre-specified NI margin. NI of arm 2 will be concluded if the upper bound of the confidence interval is equal to, or falls below, the pre-specified margin at the final analysis. When evaluating the NI of arm 2 in OS, a Cox proportional hazards (PH) model stratified by stratification factors will be used to compute the hazard ratio and associated 95% confidence interval (CI). OS rates will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. If the NI of arm 2 in OS is demonstrated, the superiority of arm 1 in OS will be tested at 1-sided significance level of 0.025 using a stratified log-rank test by adjusting for stratification factors.
Progression-free survival (PFS)
The PFS analysis will be conducted using the same methods and stratification factors as the OS analysis. The superiority of arm 2 in PFS will be tested at 1-sided significance level of 0.025 using a stratified log-rank test by adjusting for stratification factors. In the event that the NI of OS is not established, statistical inference of PFS will be considered exploratory in nature only. A Cox PH model stratified by stratification factors will be used to compute the hazard ratio and associated 95% CI.
Objective response rate (ORR)
ORR (per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors \[RECIST\] 1.1) is defined as the number (%) of patients with at least 1 visit response of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) and will be based on all randomized patients who have measurable disease. Therefore, data obtained up until progression, or the last evaluable assessment in the absence of progression, will be included in the assessment of ORR. The ORR will be compared between arm 2 versus arm 1 using a Fisher's exact test. A binary response variable for ORR will be used for the analysis with the categories of CR and PR versus stable disease, progressive disease and inevaluable.
Time to progression
Local control also known as time to progression will be defined as freedom from local progression, in which a failure is defined as intrathoracic tumor progression (failure in the lobe of the primary tumor or mediastinal lymph nodes) by RECIST 1.1 criteria. Local control will be analyzed as competing risks data based on cause-specific hazards approaches, where deaths without local failure will be considered as a competing event and analyzed as "censoring" of local failure. The rates at various timepoints (e.g., every 6 months after randomization) and medians of PFS for each arm will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The associated 95% CI will be calculated using Greenwood's formula and based on a log-log transformation applied on the survival function. Results from an unstratified analysis will also be provided.
Time to primary, locoregional, or distant failure
Competing risks analysis will be used to analyze times to primary failure, locoregional failure and distant failure as the first failure. Competing events include primary failure, locoregional failure, distant failure and deaths without any failures. Rates at various timepoints (i.e., every 6 months after randomization) for each arm will be estimated using the cumulative incidence function. The associated 95% CI will be calculated using the Delta method and based on a log-log transformation applied on the estimated cumulative incidence functions. Statistical inferences of the development of each failure between arms will be based on cause-specific hazards using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model. In addition, Gray's test and the Fine-Gray model will also be used to provide statistical inferences between arms based on cumulative incidence functions and subdistribution hazards.
Changes in pulmonary function
Includes forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Changes in pulmonary function (FEV1 and DLCO) will be summarized with descriptive statistics, and compared with Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The descriptive statistics of changes in FEV1 and diffusion capacity before and after treatment will be reported by treatment arm and by response categories (complete response; partial response; stable disease; progressive disease). Linear regression will be used to model changes with adjustment for treatment arms and possibly other baseline covariates, if applicable. The grade 3-5 NRG Oncology Pulmonary Toxicity Scale for changes will be reported with the frequency and grade by arm. Logistic regression will be used to model the distribution of the NRG Oncology Pulmonary Toxicity Scale by arms with and without adjustment for covariates.
Clinical outcomes
Descriptive analyses will be reported, based on corresponding analysis plans within patients who actually receive proton and photon radiotherapy (e.g., per-protocol population), respectively.
Functional mean lung dose
Collection of 4-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) planning CTs and calculation of radiation dose to regional lung ventilation will be performed among randomized patients with 4D CT planning CTs. To evaluate functional dose metrics, ventilation maps will be registered to the average 4DCT reference frame. Functional dose metrics and standard dose metrics will be calculated and evaluated. Functional mean lung dose will be defined as the mean dose delivered to functional lung. Dose to total lung and dose to functional lung will then be correlated with pulmonary toxicity including grade 2 or higher radiation pneumonitis or any grade 3 or higher cough, dyspnea, hypoxia or respiratory failure. Logistic regression models will be used to explore the correlation between pulmonary toxicity and functional mean lung dose.
Incidence of toxicities
Descriptive analyses will be reported, based on corresponding analysis plans within patients who actually receive proton and photon radiotherapy (e.g., per-protocol population), respectively.
Changes in pulmonary function
Descriptive analyses will be reported, based on corresponding analysis plans within patients who actually receive proton and photon radiotherapy (e.g., per-protocol population), respectively.
Click on the lead sponsor to view all of their trials.
